fabrication-of-large-area-free-standing-ultrathin-polymer-films

Fabrication of Large-area Free-standing Ultrathin Polymer Films

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films.  Typically, ultrathin films are prepared ...

We report gas and water flow measurements through microfabricated membranes in which aligned carbon nanotubes with diameters of less than 2 nanometers serve as pores. The measured gas flow exceeds predictions of the Knudsen diffusion model by more than an order of magnitude. The measured water flow exceeds values calculated from continuum hydrodynamics models by more than three orders of magnitude and is comparable to flow rates extrapolated from molecular dynamics simulations. The gas and water permeabilities of these nanotube-based membranes are several orders of magnitude higher than those of commercial polycarbonate membranes, despite having pore sizes an order of magnitude smaller. These membranes enable fundamental studies of mass transport in confined environments, as well as more energy-efficient nanoscale filtration.

Fast mass transport through sub-2-nanometer carbon nanotubes.

Wir berichten Gas- und Durchflussmessungen durch Microfabricated Membranen in der ausgerichteten Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hrchen mit Durchmessern von weniger als 2 Nanometern als Poren dienen. Der gemessenen Gasstrom &uuml;bertrifft Prognosen der Knudsen-Diffusionsmodell um mehr als eine Gr&ouml;&szlig;enordnung. Die gemessene Wasserdurchfluss von mehr als drei Gr&ouml;&szlig;enordnungen von Kontinuum Hydrodynamik Modellen berechneten Werte &uuml;berschreitet und ist vergleichbar mit Durchflussmengen extrapoliert aus Molekulardynamik-Simulationen. Die Gas- und Wasserversorgung Flutbarkeitswerte diese Nanotube-basierter Membranen sind mehrere Gr&ouml;&szlig;enordnungen h&ouml;her als die von kommerziellen Polycarbonat Membranen, trotz des Habens Porengr&ouml;&szlig;en einer Gr&ouml;&szlig;enordnung kleiner. Diese Membranen k&ouml;nnen grunds&auml;tzliche Studien von Massenverkehrsmitteln in beengten Umgebungen sowie weitere energieeffiziente Nanoscale Filtrierung.

Schnell mass Transport durch Sub-2-Nanometer-Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hren.

The key to rapid temperature programmed separations with gas chromatography are a fast, low-volume injection and a short microbore separation column with fast resistive heating. One of the major problems with the reduction of column dimensions for micro gas chromatography is the availability of a stationary phase that provides good separation performance. In this report, we present the first integration of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a stationary phase into 100 mum x 100 mum square and 50-cm-long microfabricated channels. The small size of this column with integrated resistive heater and the robustness of the SWNT phase allow for fast temperature programming of up to 60 degrees C/s. A combination of the fast temperature programming and the narrow peak width of small-volume injections that can be obtained from a high-speed, dual-valve injection system allows for rapid separations of gas mixtures. We demonstrate highly reproducible separations of four-compound test mixtures on these columns in less than 1 s using fast temperature programming.

Ultrafast gas chromatography on single-wall carbon nanotube stationary phases in microfabricated channels.

Der Schl&uuml;ssel zum schnellen Temperatur programmiert Trennungen mit Gaschromatographie sind eine schnelle, Kleinserien-Injektion und eine kurze Microbore-Trennung-Spalte mit schnell Ohmsche Heizung. Eines der gro&szlig;en Probleme mit der Reduzierung der Spaltendimensionen f&uuml;r Mikro-Gas-Chromatographie ist die Verf&uuml;gbarkeit einer station&auml;ren Phase, die gute Trennung Leistung bietet. In diesem Bericht stellen wir die erste Integration von einwandigen Kohlenstoffnanor&ouml;hren (SWNTs) als station&auml;re Phase in 100 malzkaffee Quadrat Mama X 100 und 50 cm langen Microfabricated Kan&auml;le. Die geringe Gr&ouml;&szlig;e dieser Spalte mit integrierter Ohmsche Heizung und die Robustheit der SWNT Phase erm&ouml;glichen schnelle Temperatur-Programmierung von bis zu 60 Grad C/s. Eine Kombination aus der schnellen Temperatur-Programmierung und die schmale Peakbreite klein-Volume-Injektionen, die ein High-Speed-, zwei-Ventil-Einspritzsystem gewonnen werden k&ouml;nnen erm&ouml;glicht schnelle Trennung von Gasgemischen. Wir demonstrieren von vier-Mischung Test hoch reproduzierbare Farbseparationen Mischungen auf diesen Spalten in weniger als 1 s mit schnell Temperatur programmieren.

Ultraschneller Gaschromatographie auf einwandigen Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hrchen station&auml;re Phasen in Microfabricated Kan&auml;le.

Carbon nanotube transistors are a promising platform for the next generation of nonoptical biosensors. However, the exact nature of the biomolecule interactions with nanotubes in these devices remains unknown, creating one of the major obstacles to their practical use. We assembled alternating layers of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on the carbon nanotube transistors to mimic gating of these devices by charged molecules. The devices showed reproducible oscillations of the transistor threshold voltage depending on the polarity of the outer polymer layer in the multilayer film. This behavior shows excellent agreement with the predictions of a simple electrostatic model. Finally, we demonstrate that complex interactions of adsorbed species with the device substrate and the surrounding electrolyte can produce significant and sometimes unexpected effects on the device characteristics.

Controlled electrostatic gating of carbon nanotube FET devices.

Carbon Nanotube Transistoren sind eine vielversprechende Plattform f&uuml;r die n&auml;chste Generation von nonoptical Biosensoren. Die genaue Art der Wechselwirkungen von Biomolek&uuml;len mit Nanotubes in diesen Ger&auml;ten bleibt jedoch unbekannt, Schaffung eines der gr&ouml;&szlig;ten Hindernisse bei ihren praktischen Nutzen. Wir versammelt abwechselnde Schichten von entgegengesetzt geladene Polyelectrolytes auf der Carbon Nanotube Transistoren imitieren Anspritzung dieser Ger&auml;te durch geladene Molek&uuml;le. Die Ger&auml;te zeigte reproduzierbare Schwingungen der Transistor Schwellspannung abh&auml;ngig von der Polarit&auml;t der &auml;u&szlig;eren Polymerschicht im mehrlagigen Film. Dieses Verhalten zeigt hervorragende &Uuml;bereinstimmung mit den Vorhersagen eines einfachen elektrostatischen Modells. Schlie&szlig;lich zeigen wir, dass komplexe Wechselbeziehungen zwischen adsorbierten Spezies mit dem Ger&auml;t-Substrat und der umgebenden Elektrolyt erhebliche und manchmal unerwartete Auswirkungen auf die Ger&auml;teeigenschaften produzieren k&ouml;nnen.

Gesteuert, elektrostatische Anspritzung von Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hren-FET-Ger&auml;te.

Water confinement within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been a topic of current interest, due in part to their potential nanofiltration applications. Experiments have recently validated molecular dynamics predictions of flow enhancement within these channels, although few studies have probed the detailed structure and dynamics of water in these systems. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( (1)H NMR) is a technique capable of providing some of these details, although care must be exercised in separating the confined water of interest from exterior water. By using controlled experiments with both sealed and opened SWCNTs and by providing a quantitative measure of water content through desorption experiments, a signature for confined water in SWCNTs has been positively identified. This endohedral or interior water is characterized by a relatively broad feature located at 0.0 ppm, shifted upfield relative to bulk water. With the identification of a signature for water inside SWCNTs, further studies aimed at probing water dynamics will be enabled.

Identification of endohedral water in single-walled carbon nanotubes by (1)H NMR.

Biological pores regulate the cellular traffic of a large variety of solutes, often with high selectivity and fast flow rates. These pores share several common structural features: the inner surface of the pore is frequently lined with hydrophobic residues, and the selectivity filter regions often contain charged functional groups. Hydrophobic, narrow-diameter carbon nanotubes can provide a simplified model of membrane channels by reproducing these critical features in a simpler and more robust platform. Previous studies demonstrated that carbon nanotube pores can support a water flux comparable to natural aquaporin channels. Here, we investigate ion transport through these pores using a sub-2-nm, aligned carbon nanotube membrane nanofluidic platform. To mimic the charged groups at the selectivity region, we introduce negatively charged groups at the opening of the carbon nanotubes by plasma treatment. Pressure-driven filtration experiments, coupled with capillary electrophoresis analysis of the permeate and feed, are used to quantify ion exclusion in these membranes as a function of solution ionic strength, pH, and ion valence. We show that carbon nanotube membranes exhibit significant ion exclusion that can be as high as 98% under certain conditions. Our results strongly support a Donnan-type rejection mechanism, dominated by electrostatic interactions between fixed membrane charges and mobile ions, whereas steric and hydrodynamic effects appear to be less important.

Ion exclusion by sub-2-nm carbon nanotube pores.

Biologische Poren regulieren zellul&auml;ren Verkehr der eine Vielzahl von Analyten, oft mit hoher Selektivit&auml;t und schnelle Durchflussmengen. Diese Poren teilen mehrere strukturelle Gemeinsamkeiten: die innere Oberfl&auml;che der Pore ist h&auml;ufig mit hydrophoben R&uuml;ckst&auml;nden ausgekleidet und die Selektivit&auml;t Filterbereiche enthalten h&auml;ufig aufgeladen Funktionsgruppen. Hydrophobe, schmal-Durchmesser Kohlenstoffnanor&ouml;hren k&ouml;nnen ein vereinfachtes Modell der Membran Kan&auml;le bereitstellen, indem diese kritischen Funktionen in einer einfacher und robuster Plattform zu reproduzieren. Fr&uuml;here Studien gezeigt, dass Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hren-Poren einen Wasser-Fluss vergleichbar mit nat&uuml;rlichen Aquaporin-Kan&auml;le unterst&uuml;tzen k&ouml;nnen. Hier untersuchen wir Ionentransport durch diese Poren mit eine Sub-2-nm, ausgerichteten Carbon Nanotube Membran nanofluidischer Plattform. Um die geladenen Gruppen bei der Selektivit&auml;t-Region zu imitieren, f&uuml;hren wir negativ geladene Gruppen bei der Er&ouml;ffnung der Carbon-nanotubes durch Plasmabehandlung. Druck-gesteuerte Filtrierung Experimente, gepaart mit Kapillarelektrophorese Analyse der Permeat und Futtermittel werden verwendet, um Ionen Ausgrenzung in diese Membranen als Funktion von Ionischen St&auml;rke, pH-Wert und Ion-Valence L&ouml;sung zu quantifizieren. Wir zeigen, dass Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hren-Membranen erhebliche Ion Ausgrenzung aufweisen, die bis zu 98 % unter bestimmten Bedingungen sein kann. Unsere Ergebnisse unterst&uuml;tze Donnan-Typ Ablehnung Mechanismus, elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen zwischen festen Membran Geb&uuml;hren und mobilen Ionen, dominiert, w&auml;hrend die sterische und hydrodynamische Effekte scheinen weniger wichtig zu sein.

Ion-Ausschluss von Sub-2-nm Carbon Nanotube Poren.

A new growth recipe for producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combined with a new bonding technique was implemented in a microfabricated gas chromatography (micro-GC) chip. Specifically, the micro-GC chip contained a 30-cm (length) microfabricated channel with a 50 microm x 50 microm square cross-section. A CNT stationary phase "mat" was grown on the bottom of the separation channel prior to the chip bonding. Injections onto the micro-GC chip were made using a previously reported high-speed diaphragm valve technique. A FID was used for detection with a high-speed electrometer board. All together, the result was a highly efficiency, temperature programmable (via low thermal mass, rapid on-chip resistive heating) micro-GC chip. In general, the newly designed micro-GC chip can be operated at significantly lower temperature and pressure than our previously reported micro-GC chip, while producing excellent chemical separations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show a relatively thin and uniform mat of nanotubes with a thickness of approximately 800 nm inside the channel. The stationary phase was further characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The uniformity of the stationary phase resulted in better separation efficiency and peak symmetry (as compared to our previous report) in the separation of a mixture of five n-alkanes (n-hexane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane and n-undecane). The on-chip resistive heater employing a temperature programming rate of 26 degrees C/s produced a peak capacity of eight within a 1.5-s time window.

High-speed, temperature programmable gas chromatography utilizing a microfabricated chip with an improved carbon nanotube stationary phase.

Ein neues Wachstum-Rezept zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoff-Nanor&ouml;hren (CNT) in Kombination mit einer neuen Bindung-Technik wurde in einem Microfabricated Gaschromatographie (Mikro-GC) Chip implementiert. Insbesondere der Mikro-GC-Chip enthalten eine 30-cm (L&auml;nge) Microfabricated Kanal mit 50 Microm X 50 Microm quadratischen Querschnitt. Eine CNT station&auml;re Phase &quot;Mat&quot; wurde auf der Unterseite des Kanals Trennung vor dem Chip kleben gewachsen. Injektionen auf den Mikro-GC-Chip wurden mit einer bereits berichtet Hochgeschwindigkeits-Membran-Ventil-Technik. Einem FID wurde zur Erkennung mit einem Hochgeschwindigkeits-Elektrometer-Board eingesetzt. Alle zusammen, das Ergebnis war eine hohe Effizienz, Temperatur programmierbar (&uuml;ber niedrige thermische Masse, rapid auf dem Chip Ohmsche Heizung) Mikro-GC Chip. Im Allgemeinen kann der neu gestaltete Mikro-GC-Chip bei erheblich niedrigeren Temperatur und Druck als unsere Mikro-GC-Chip, der bereits berichtet, beim produzieren von ausgezeichneter chemischer Trennungen betrieben werden. Scan Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) Bilder zeigen eine relativ d&uuml;nne und gleichm&auml;&szlig;ige Matte Nanotubes mit einer Dicke von etwa 800 nm in den Kanal. Die station&auml;re Phase zeichnete sich weiter mit Raman-Spektroskopie. Die Einheitlichkeit der station&auml;ren Phase ergab bessere Trennleistung und Spitze Symmetrie (im Vergleich zu unserem vorherigen Bericht) die Trennung eines Gemisches aus f&uuml;nf n-Alkane (n-Hexan, n-Oktan, n-Nonan, n-Decan und n-Undecan). Die auf dem Chip Ohmsche Heizung mit eine Temperatur produziert Programmierung Rate von 26 Grad C/s eine Spitzenleistung von acht innerhalb eines Zeitfensters von 1.5-s.

High-Speed, Temperatur programmierbar Gaschromatographie unter Verwendung eines Microfabricated-Chips mit einer verbesserten Carbon Nanotube station&auml;re Phase.

We have investigated growth kinetics of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) arrays produced by catalytic thermal decomposition of ethylene gas in hydrogen, water, and argon mixture. The MWCNT growth rate exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on total pressure and reaches a maximum at approximately 750 Torr of total pressure. Water concentrations in excess of 3000 ppm lead to the decrease in the observed growth rate. Optimal pressure and water concentration combination results in a reliable growth of well-aligned MWCNT arrays at a maximum growth rate of approximately 30 microm/min. These MWCNT arrays can reach heights of up to 1 mm with typical standard deviations for the array height of less than 8% over a large number of process runs spread over the time of 8 months. Nanotube growth rate in this optimal growth region remains essentially constant until growth reaches an abrupt and irreversible termination. We present a quantitative model that shows how accumulation of the amorphous carbon patches at the catalyst particle surface and the carbon diffusion to the growing nanotube perimeter causes this abrupt growth cessation. The influence of the partial pressures of ethylene and hydrogen on the ethylene decomposition driving force explains the nonlinear behavior of the growth rate as a function of total process pressure.

Mechanism and kinetics of growth termination in controlled chemical vapor deposition growth of multiwall carbon nanotube arrays.

Wir haben untersucht, Wachstum Kinetik der multiwall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Arrays von katalytischen thermische Zersetzung von Ethylengas in Argon, Wasserstoff und Wasser-Gemisch produziert. Die Wachstumsrate MWCNT stellt eine nichtmonotone Abh&auml;ngigkeit der Gesamtdruck und erreicht ein Maximum bei etwa 750 Torr der Gesamtdruck. Wasser-Konzentrationen von mehr als 3000 ppm dazu f&uuml;hren, dass der R&uuml;ckgang der beobachteten Wachstumsrate. Optimale Kombination aus Druck und Wasser Konzentration f&uuml;hrt zu einem zuverl&auml;ssigen Wachstum von einheitliches MWCNT Arrays bei einer maximalen Wachstumsrate von etwa 30 Microm/min. Diese Arrays MWCNT erreichen H&ouml;hen von bis zu 1 mm mit typischen Standardabweichungen f&uuml;r die Array-H&ouml;he von weniger als 8 % auf eine gro&szlig;e Anzahl von Prozess Ausbreitung &uuml;ber den Zeitraum von 8 Monaten l&auml;uft. Nanotube Wachstum in dieser Region f&uuml;r optimales Wachstum bleibt im Wesentlichen konstant, bis Wachstum eine abrupte und irreversible Beendigung erreicht. Pr&auml;sentieren wir Ihnen ein quantitatives Modell, das zeigt, wie Anh&auml;ufung von amorphem Kohlenstoff an der Katalysator-Partikel-Oberfl&auml;che Flecken und die CO2-Diffusion an den wachsenden Nanotube-Perimeter verursacht diese abrupte Wachstum-Einstellung. Der Einfluss der Partialdr&uuml;cke von Ethen und Wasserstoff auf die Ethylen-Zerlegung, die treibende Kraft erl&auml;utert das nichtlineare Verhalten der Wachstumsrate als Funktion der Gesamtprozess Druck.

Mechanismus und Kinetik Wachstum K&uuml;ndigung kontrollierten chemical vapour Deposition Wachstum der multiwall Carbon Nanotube-Arrays.

Novel carbon composites are fabricated through catalyzed CVD growth of carbon nanotubes directly on the inner surfaces of monolithic carbon aerogel (CA) substrates. Uniform CNT yield is obtained throughout the internal pore volume of CA monoliths with macroscopic dimensions. These composites possess large surface areas (>1000 m(2) g(-1)) and exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity following CNT growth.

High surface area carbon aerogels as porous substrates for direct growth of carbon nanotubes.

We demonstrate an organic/inorganic hybrid energy-harvesting platform, based on nanostructured piezolelectric arrays embedded in an environmental-responsive polymer matrix, which can self-generate electrical power by scavenging energy from the environment. A proof of principle device is designed, fabricated, and tested using vertically aligned ZnO nanowires and heat as the local energy source. The device layout takes advantage of the collective stretching motion of piezoelectric ZnO NWs, induced by the shape-change of the matrix polymer, to convert the thermal energy into direct current with output power densities of ∼20 nW/cm(2) at a heating temperature of ∼65 °C. The responsive nature of polymeric matrices to various stimuli makes this nanostructured piezoelectric architecture a highly versatile approach to scavenging energy from a multitude of environments including fluid-based and chemical-rich systems.

Matrix-assisted energy conversion in nanostructured piezoelectric arrays.

Bundles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes of uniform diameter decorated with Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using mesoporous silicates as templates. The ordered morphology and the narrow pore size distribution of mesoporous silicates provide an ideal platform to synthesize uniformly sized carbon nanotubes. In addition, homogeneous sub-10 nm pore sizes of the templates allow in situ formation of catalytic nanoparticles with uniform diameters which end up decorating the carbon nanotubes. The resulting carbon nanotubes are multi-walled with a uniform diameter corresponding to the pore diameter of the template used during the synthesis that are decorated with the catalysts used to synthesize them. They have a narrow size distribution which can be used in many energy related fields of research.

Template directed formation of nanoparticle decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles with uniform diameter.

We report the synthesis of a three-dimensional (3D) macroassembly of graphene sheets with electrical conductivity (âˆ¼10(2) S m(-1)) and Young's modulus (âˆ¼50 MPa) orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported, super-compressive deformation behavior (âˆ¼60% failure strain), and surface areas (>1300 m(2) g(-1)) approaching theoretically maximum values.

Mechanically robust 3D graphene macroassembly with high surface area.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water desalination technique. In CDI, pairs of porous electrode capacitors are electrically charged to remove salt from brackish water present between the electrodes. We here present a novel experimental technique allowing measurement of spatially and temporally resolved salt concentration between the CDI electrodes. Our technique measures the local fluorescence intensity of a neutrally charged fluorescent probe which is collisionally quenched by chloride ions. To our knowledge, our system is the first to measure in situ and spatially resolved chloride concentration in a laboratory CDI cell. We here demonstrate good agreement between our dynamic measurements of salt concentration in a charging, millimeter-scale CDI system to the results of a modified Donnan porous electrode transport model. Further, we utilize our dynamic measurements to demonstrate that salt removal between our charging CDI electrodes occurs on a longer time scale than the capacitive charging time scales of our CDI cell. Compared to typical measurements of CDI system performance (namely, measurements of outflow ionic conductivity), our technique can enable more advanced and better-controlled studies of ion transport in CDI systems, which can potentially catalyze future performance improvements.

In situ spatially and temporally resolved measurements of salt concentration between charging porous electrodes for desalination by capacitive deionization.

Free-standing polymer thin films are typically fabricated using a sacrificial underlayer (between the film and its deposition substrate) or overlayer (on top of the film to assist peeling) in order to facilitate removal of the thin film from its deposition substrate. We show the direct delamination of extraordinarily thin (as thin as 8 nm) films of poly(vinyl formal) (PVF), polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate). Large (up to 13 cm diameter) films of PVF could be captured on wire supports to produce free-standing films. By modifying the substrate to lower the interfacial energy resisting film-substrate separation, the conditions for spontaneous delamination are satisfied even for very thin films. The substrate modification is based on the electrostatic adsorption of a cationic polyelectrolyte. Eliminating the use of sacrificial materials and instead relying on naturally self-limiting adsorption makes this method suitable for large areas. We have observed delamination of films with aspect ratios (ratio of lateral dimension between supports to thickness) of 10(7) and have captured dry, free-standing films with aspect ratios >10(6). Films with an aspect ratio of 10(5) can bear loads up to 10(6) times the mass of the film itself. The presence of the adsorbed layer can be observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and this layer is persistent through multiple uses. In the system studied, elimination of sacrificial materials leads to an enhancement in the failure strength of the free-standing thin film. The robustness, persistence, and the self-optimizing nature distinguish this method from various fabrication methods utilizing sacrificial materials and make it a potentially scalable process for the fabrication of ultrathin free-standing or transferrable films for filtration, MEMS, or tissue engineering applications.

Article	Year
Fast mass transport through sub-2-nanometer carbon nanotubes. Science (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 16709781	2006
Ultrafast gas chromatography on single-wall carbon nanotube stationary phases in microfabricated channels. Analytical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 16906706	2006
Controlled electrostatic gating of carbon nanotube FET devices. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 16968029	2006
Identification of endohedral water in single-walled carbon nanotubes by (1)H NMR. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 18537295	2008
Ion exclusion by sub-2-nm carbon nanotube pores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 18539773	2008
High-speed, temperature programmable gas chromatography utilizing a microfabricated chip with an improved carbon nanotube stationary phase. Talanta\| PubMed ID: 19084659	2009
Mechanism and kinetics of growth termination in controlled chemical vapor deposition growth of multiwall carbon nanotube arrays. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 19146455	2009
High surface area carbon aerogels as porous substrates for direct growth of carbon nanotubes. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 21031189	2010
Matrix-assisted energy conversion in nanostructured piezoelectric arrays. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 21062047	2010
Template directed formation of nanoparticle decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles with uniform diameter. Nanotechnology\| PubMed ID: 21967786	2011
Mechanically robust 3D graphene macroassembly with high surface area. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 22797515	2012
In situ spatially and temporally resolved measurements of salt concentration between charging porous electrodes for desalination by capacitive deionization. Environmental science & technology\| PubMed ID: 24433022	2014
Enhanced delamination of ultrathin free-standing polymer films via self-limiting surface modification. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 24784173	2014

Michael Stadermann

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