protocol-for-three-dimensional-confocal-morphometric-analysis

Protocol for Three-dimensional Confocal Morphometric Analysis of Astrocytes

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify ...

Laboratory animals are extensively used in diabetic research. However, it is not known whether the glucose dynamics in laboratory animals are similar to the dynamics in humans. The aim of the present study is to see whether the Medtronic MiniMed continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring system can be used to record fluctuations of the glucose level in freely moving normal and insulin-treated diabetic rats. The monitoring system was applied during 3 days to normal and diabetic hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic rats treated with insulin implants. Corresponding data from type 1 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control were selected retrospectively in order to note the similarities and differences. In normal rats the subcutaneous glucose level varied slightly (median = 111 mg/dL). In hyperglycemic rats the subcutaneous glucose values fluctuated markedly around a median of 226 mg/dL. The fluctuations formed a short-wave pattern with a low amplitude, superimposed on a long-wave pattern with a high amplitude. The subcutaneous glucose profile seen in type 1 diabetic patients (median = 180 mg/dL) was similar to that observed in hyperglycemic rats. In hypoglycemic rats, the subcutaneous glucose level fluctuated moderately around a median of 55 mg/dL. In these rats the fluctuations formed a short-wave pattern with low amplitude, without any obvious long-wave pattern. The subcutaneous glucose values conformed to corresponding blood glucose measurements. We conclude that the Medtronic MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system can be used to record the subcutaneous glucose level over time in freely moving rats.

Continuous monitoring of the subcutaneous glucose level in freely moving normal and diabetic rats and in humans with type 1 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to find out whether dysglycaemia causes neuropathy in the vagus nerve of insulin-treated diabetic BB/Wor rats. Specimens were collected from the left vagus nerve proximal and distal to the level of recurrent laryngeal branch and from the recurrent branch itself in control rats and diabetic BB/Wor rats subjected to hyper- or hypoglycaemia. Myelinated and unmyelinated axons were counted and myelinated axon diameters were measured by electron microscopy. In controls, the vagus nerve proximal to the recurrent branch exhibited three regions in terms of fibre composition: part A was mainly composed of large myelinated axons, part B contained small myelinated and unmyelinated axons, and part C contained mainly unmyelinated axons. The distal level resembled part C at the proximal level and the recurrent branch resembled parts A and B. In hyperglycaemic rats, a normal picture was found at the proximal and distal levels of the vagus nerve and in the recurrent branch. In hypoglycaemic rats, signs of past and ongoing degeneration and regeneration of large myelinated axons were found at the proximal and distal levels and in the recurrent branch. We conclude that hypoglycaemia elicits degenerative alterations in large myelinated axons in the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves in diabetic BB/Wor rats. The absence of signs of neuropathy in unmyelinated and small myelinated axons suggests that the sensory and autonomic components of the nerve are less affected. In contrast, the hyperglycaemic rats examined here did not show obvious degenerative alterations.

Hypoglycaemia causes degeneration of large myelinated nerve fibres in the vagus nerve of insulin-treated diabetic BB/Wor rats.

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether dysglycemic episodes occur in institutionalized elderly persons and, if that is the case, to determine whether such episodes are related to meal patterns. Another objective was to investigate the feasibility of subcutaneous (s.c.) glucose measurements in the elderly using a Medtronic MiniMed (Sylmar, CA) continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).

Continuous glucose monitoring system signals the occurrence of marked postprandial hyperglycemia in the elderly.

We investigated the effects of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia on development of peripheral neuropathy in somatic motor and sensory nerves in type 1 diabetic BB/Wor rats. The animals were maintained in a hyper- or hypoglycemic state by treatment with insulin for 3 months. Nondiabetic siblings served as controls. Qualitative analysis of the gastrocnemius and sural nerves by light and electron microscopy revealed signs of Wallerian-type axonal degeneration and regeneration of large myelinated fibers in the hypoglycemic but not the hyperglycemic animals. Degeneration was more common in the gastrocnemius nerve than in the sural nerve. In hypoglycemic rats, myelinated fibers in both the gastrocnemius and sural nerves had significantly shorter internodes and smaller diameters. The decreased fiber diameter was related (r = -0.9) to the duration of severe hypoglycemia (</=2.5 mmol/L). Myelinated fiber occupancy was also decreased without any significant changes in fiber counts in both the gastrocnemius and sural nerves. In hyperglycemic rats, myelinated fibers in the sural nerve but not the gastrocnemius nerve had smaller diameters compared with controls. We conclude that hypoglycemia has a more severe impact on somatic motor nerves than on somatic sensory nerves, whereas hyperglycemia affects only somatic sensory nerves.

Differential neuropathies in hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic diabetic rats.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the sensitivity to varying glucose conditions differs for the peripheral and central nervous system neurons at different developmental stages. Ventral horn neurons (VHN) and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) from rats of different postnatal ages were exposed to glucose-free or glucose-rich culture conditions. Following 24 h at those conditions, the number of protein gene product 9.5 positive (PGP(+)) DRG neurons and choline acetyltransferase positive (ChAT(+)) VHN were counted and their neurite lengths and soma diameters were measured. For both DRG and VHN, the highest number of cells with and without neurite outgrowth was seen when cells from postnatal day 4 donors were cultured, while the lowest cell numbers were when neurons were from donors early after birth and grown under glucose-free conditions. The length of the neurites and the soma diameter for VHN were not affected by either glucose level or age. DRG neurons, however, exhibited the shortest neurites and smallest soma diameter when neurons were obtained and cultured early after birth. Our results indicate that survival of neurons in vitro is more influenced by the developmental stage than by glucose concentrations.

Neuron survival in vitro is more influenced by the developmental age of the cells than by glucose condition.

In the present study, rat primary cultures were used to study the effect of lactate on the survival of hippocampal neurons in the presence or absence of glucose. Our results showed no extensive cell damage under glucose-free conditions compared with glucose-rich conditions. Addition of 10 and 50 mM lactate to glucose-free and glucose-rich media increased the cell damage significantly, as observed by morphology and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The results of the present study suggest that primary neurons in vitro are not sensitive to glucose deficiency and the presence of lactate damages the neurons in a concentration-dependent manner.

Lactate damages primary hippocampal neurons in vitro.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increased β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neuronal dysfunction leading to impaired learning and recall. Ageing, heredity, and induced oxidative stress are among proposed risk factors. The increased frequency of the disease in women also suggests a role for estrogen in development of AD. In the present study, effects of the phytoestrogen genistein (10mg/kg) on learning and memory impairments was assessed in intrahippocampal Aβ(1-40)-injected rats. The estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant was injected intracerebroventricularly in a group of Aβ-lesioned rats. The Aβ-injected animals exhibited the following: lower spontaneous alternation score in Y-maze tasks, impaired retention and recall capability in the passive avoidance test, and fewer correct choices and more errors in the RAM task. Genistein, but not genistein and fulvestrant, significantly improved most of these parameters. Measurements of oxidative stress markers in hippocampal tissue of Aβ-injected rats showed an elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite content, and a reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Genistein significantly attenuated the increased MDA content but did not affect the nitrite content or SOD activity. These results indicate that genistein pretreatment ameliorates Aβ-induced impairment of short-term spatial memory in rats through an estrogenic pathway and by inducing attenuation of oxidative stress.

Genistein ameliorates learning and memory deficits in amyloid β(1-40) rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Autophagy in neurons has been linked to a growing number of pathological conditions in the CNS, but the role of this process in peripheral neuropathy has received little attention. This study aimed to determine whether autophagy is involved in development of peripheral neuropathy in hypoglycaemic diabetic rats.

Autophagy in insulin-induced hypoglycaemic neuropathy.

We addressed the question of whether injection of Amyloid beta (Aβ)(1-40) in the rat brain is associated with pathology in the hippocampus, and if genistein has any protective effect against the neuronal damage caused by Aβ(1-40). Genistein is a plant-derived compound with a structure similar to that of the female sex hormone estrogen and it was recently shown that pretreatment with a single dose of genistein ameliorated learning and memory deficits in an (Aβ)(1-40) rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report that injection of the amyloid peptide into the hippocampus of rats led to formation of Aβ(1-40) positive aggregates close to the lateral blade of the dentate gyrus (DGlb). We also observed the following in the hippocampus: extensive cell death in the DGlb (P<0.0001), CA1 (P=0.03), and CA3 (P=0.002); an increased number of iNOS-expressing cells (P=0.01) and gliosis. Genistein given to rats by gavage 1h before injection of Aβ(1-40) inhibited the formation of Aβ(1-40) positive aggregates in the brain tissue and led to increased number of nNOS(+) (P=0.0001) cells in the hippocampus compared to sham-operated genistein-treated controls. Treatment with genistein also alleviated the extensive astrogliosis that occurred in Aβ(1-40)-injected hippocampus to a level similar to that observed in sham-operated rats. We conclude that the neurons in the DGlb are most sensitive to Aβ(1-40), and a single dose of genistein can ameliorate Aβ(1-40) induced pathology.

Genistein inhibits aggregation of exogenous amyloid-beta₁₋₄₀ and alleviates astrogliosis in the hippocampus of rats.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Im Jahr 2008 haben wir den ersten Satz von Richtlinien f&uuml;r die Standardisierung der Forschung in Autophagy ver&ouml;ffentlicht. Seitdem Forschung zu diesem Thema hat sich weiter beschleunigen, und viele neue Wissenschaftler haben das Spielfeld betreten. Unsere Wissensdatenbank und relevante neue Technologien haben auch erweitert. Dementsprechend ist es wichtig, diese Leitlinien f&uuml;r die &Uuml;berwachung Autophagy in verschiedenen Organismen zu aktualisieren. Verschiedene Meinungen haben die Proben beschrieben, die f&uuml;r diesen Zweck verwendet wurden. Dennoch weiterhin besteht Verwirrung in Bezug auf akzeptierte, Autophagy, vor allem bei mehrzelligen Eukaryoten zu messen. Ein wesentlicher Punkt, der betont werden muss ist, dass es ein Unterschied zwischen Messungen, die &Uuml;berwachung der Zahlen oder Volume autophagic Elemente (z. B. Autophagosomes oder Autolysosomes) in jedem Stadium des Prozesses gegen die autophagic dieser Ma&szlig;nahme-Fluss durch den Autophagy Pathway (d. h. der vollst&auml;ndige Proze&szlig;); so ein Block in Macroautophagy, Ergebnisse in Autophagosomen Anh&auml;ufung von Reize unterschieden werden, die erh&ouml;hte autophagic Aktivit&auml;t, f&uuml;hren die definiert als erh&ouml;hte Autophagy Induktion gepaart mit erh&ouml;hter Lieferung an und Verschlechterung in Lysosomen (in den meisten h&ouml;heren Eukaryotes und einigen Einzellern wie Dictyostelium) oder die Vakuole (in Pflanzen und Pilzen). Mit anderen Worten, ist es besonders wichtig, dass die Ermittler in das Feld neue verstehen, dass die Darstellung des mehr Autophagosomes nicht unbedingt mit mehr Autophagy gleichzusetzen ist. In der Tat sammeln in vielen F&auml;llen Autophagosomes wegen einen Block in den Handel zu Lysosomen ohne eine damit einhergehende &Auml;nderung in Autophagosomen Biogenese, w&auml;hrend eine Zunahme der Autolysosomes eine Verringerung in Degradations-Aktivit&auml;t widerspiegeln kann. Hier pr&auml;sentieren wir eine Reihe von Leitlinien f&uuml;r die Auswahl und Interpretation der Methoden f&uuml;r die Verwendung von Ermittlern, die Macroautophagy und die damit verbundenen Prozesse untersuchen wollen, sowie f&uuml;r Pr&uuml;fer, die realistische und vern&uuml;nftige Kritiken von Papier bereitstellen, die auf diese Prozesse gerichtet werden m&uuml;ssen. Diese Richtlinien sollen kein formelhaften Satz von Regeln, weil die entsprechenden Assays teilweise auf die Frage und das System verwendet wird. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus betonen wir, dass keine einzelne Assay ist garantiert das passende Produkt in jeder Situation, und wir empfehlen die Verwendung von mehreren Proben Autophagy &uuml;berwachen. In diesen Leitlinien halten wir diese verschiedenen Methoden zur Bewertung Autophagy und welche Informationen kann, oder nicht, von ihnen abgerufen werden. Abschlie&szlig;end diskutieren die Vorz&uuml;ge und Grenzen von bestimmten Autophagy Assays, hoffen wir auf technische Innovationen im Bereich zu f&ouml;rdern.

Richtlinien f&uuml;r die Verwendung und Interpretation von Assays zur &Uuml;berwachung Autophagy in Verbindung.

Astrocytes are highly involved in regulation and homeostasis of the extracellular environment in the healthy brain. In pathological conditions, these cells play a major role in the inflammatory response seen in CNS tissues, which is called reactive astrogliosis and includes hypertrophy and proliferation of astrocytes. Here, we performed 3D confocal microscopy to evaluate the morphological response of reactive astrocytes positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in rats, to the presence of Aβ(1-40) in the rat brain before and after treatment with genistein. In 50 astrocytes per animal, we measured the volume and surface area for the nucleus, cell body, the entire cell, the tissue covered by single astrocytes and quantified the number and length of branches, the density of the astrocytes and the intensity of GFAP immunoreactivity. Injecting Aβ(1-40) into the brain of rats caused astrogliosis indicated by increased values for all measured parameters. Mass spectrometric analysis of hippocampal tissue in Aβ(1-40)-injected brain showed decreased amounts of tubulins, enolases and myelin basic protein, and increased amounts of dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2. In Aβ(1-40)-injected rats pretreated with genistein, GFAP intensity was decreased to the sham-operated group level, and Aβ(1-40)-induced astrogliosis was significantly ameliorated.

Amyloid beta(1-40)-induced astrogliosis and the effect of genistein treatment in rat: a three-dimensional confocal morphometric and proteomic study.

Human catestatin CgA352-372 (SL21) is an endogenous neuropeptide with multiple biological functions. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and DNA damage protective effects of SL21 neuropeptide. SL21 neuropeptide generated from the C-terminus of chromogranin A (CgA) was synthesized by solid-phase method. Synthetic peptide was subjected to various in vitro antioxidant assays including the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(·+) ), and hydroxyl free radicals, metal ion chelation, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and reducing power. Moreover, protective effect of SL21 on H2 O2 -induced DNA damage was analyzed using pTZ57/RT plasmid. Methylthiazoltetrazolium assay was also performed to study the cytotoxic effect of SL21 neuropeptide on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, antibacterial and hemolysis assays were conducted. The results demonstrated high activities of SL21 in scavenging free radicals (DPPH, ABTS(·+) , and hydroxyl), chelating of Cu(2+) /Fe(2+) metal ions, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. SL21 neuropeptide revealed a protective effect on DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals. Interestingly, the peptide exhibited no significant cytotoxicity towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, SL21 peptide displayed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa without any hemolytic activity on human red blood cells. Conclusively, the present study established SL21 (catestatin) as a novel antioxidative peptide that could further be investigated for its potential use as a pharmaceutical agent.

Antioxidant properties of a human neuropeptide and its protective effect on free radical-induced DNA damage.

Hypoglycemia occurs in diabetic patients as a consequence of treatment with hypoglycemic agents, in insulinoma patients as a result of excessive insulin production, and in infants as a result of abnormal regulation of metabolism. Profound hypoglycemia can cause structural and functional disturbances in both the central (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The brain is damaged by a short and severe episode of hypoglycemia, whereas PNS pathology appears after a mild and prolonged episode. In the CNS, damaged mitochondria, elevated intracellular Ca2(+) level, released cytochrome c to the cytosol, extensive production of superoxide, increased caspase-3 activity, release of aspartate and glutamate from presynaptic terminals, and altered biosynthetic machinery can lead to neuronal cell death in the brain. Considering the PNS, chronic hypoglycemia is associated with delayed motor and sensory conduction velocities in peripheral nerves. With respect to pathology, hypoglycemic neuropathy in the PNS is characterized by Wallerian-like axonal degeneration that starts at the nerve terminal and progresses to a more proximal part of the axon, and motor axons to the muscles may be more severely damaged than sensory axons. Since excitatory neurotransmitters primarily involve the neuron in the CNS, this "dying back" pattern of axonal damage in the PNS may involve mechanisms other than excitotoxicity.

Neurologic damage in hypoglycemia.

We addressed the question of whether the autophagy pathway occurs in human peripheral nerves and whether this pathway is associated with peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.

Autophagy in the posterior interosseous nerve of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an ultrastructural study.

So far, the antibacterial activity of some organic and inorganic compounds has been studied. Barium zirconate titanate [Ba(ZrxTi₁-x)O₃] (x = 0.05) nanoparticle is an example of inorganic materials. In vitro studies have provided evidence for the antibacterial activity of this nanoparticle. In the current study, the nano-powder was synthesized by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction showed that the powder was single-phase and had a perovskite structure at the calcination temperature of 1000 °C. Antibacterial activity of the desired nanoparticle was assessed on two gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus PTCC1431 and Micrococcus luteus PTCC1625) and two gram-negative (Escherichia coli HP101BA 7601c and clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria according to Radial Diffusion Assay (RDA). The results showed that the antibacterial activity of BZT nano-powder on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was acceptable. The minimum inhibitory concentration of this nano-powder was determined. The results showed that MIC values for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. luteus and S. aureus were about 2.3 μg/mL, 7.3 μg/mL, 3 μg/mL and 12 μg/mL, respectively. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also evaluated and showed that the growth of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. luteus and S. aureus could be decreased at 2.3, 14, 3 and 18 μg/mL of BZT. Average log reduction in viable bacteria count in time-kill assay ranged between 6 Log₁₀ cfu/mL to zero after 24 h of incubation with BZT nanoparticle.

Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Barium Zirconate Titanate (BZT) nanoparticle.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the prevalent neurological disorders of the central nervous system hallmarked by increased beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and ensuing learning and memory deficit. In the present study, the beneficial effect of naringenin on improvement of learning and memory was evaluated in an Alzheimer's disease rat model. The Aβ-injected rats showed a lower alternation score in Y-maze task, impairment of retention and recall capability in passive avoidance test, and lower correct choices and higher errors in radial arm maze (RAM) task as compared to sham group in addition to enhanced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Naringenin, but not a combination of naringenin and fulvestrant (an estrogenic receptor antagonist) significantly improved the performance of Aβ-injected rats in passive avoidance and RAM tasks. Naringenin pretreatment of Aβ-injected rats also lowered hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) with no significant effect on nitrite and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in addition to lowering apoptosis. These results suggest naringenin pretreatment attenuates Aβ-induced impairment of learning and memory through mitigation of lipid peroxidation and apoptosis and its beneficial effect is somewhat mediated via estrogenic pathway.

Article	Year
Continuous monitoring of the subcutaneous glucose level in freely moving normal and diabetic rats and in humans with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes technology & therapeutics\| PubMed ID: 12165169	2002
Hypoglycaemia causes degeneration of large myelinated nerve fibres in the vagus nerve of insulin-treated diabetic BB/Wor rats. Acta neuropathologica\| PubMed ID: 15549329	2005
Continuous glucose monitoring system signals the occurrence of marked postprandial hyperglycemia in the elderly. Diabetes technology & therapeutics\| PubMed ID: 15929682	2005
Differential neuropathies in hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic diabetic rats. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology\| PubMed ID: 17146285	2006
Neuron survival in vitro is more influenced by the developmental age of the cells than by glucose condition. Cytotechnology\| PubMed ID: 19885736	2009
Lactate damages primary hippocampal neurons in vitro. Cell biology international\| PubMed ID: 19947934	2010
Genistein ameliorates learning and memory deficits in amyloid β(1-40) rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of learning and memory\| PubMed ID: 21144907	2011
Autophagy in insulin-induced hypoglycaemic neuropathy. Pathology\| PubMed ID: 21436636	2011
Genistein inhibits aggregation of exogenous amyloid-beta₁₋₄₀ and alleviates astrogliosis in the hippocampus of rats. Brain research\| PubMed ID: 22079317	2012
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy\| PubMed ID: 22966490	2012
Amyloid beta(1-40)-induced astrogliosis and the effect of genistein treatment in rat: a three-dimensional confocal morphometric and proteomic study. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 24130779	2013
Antioxidant properties of a human neuropeptide and its protective effect on free radical-induced DNA damage. Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society\| PubMed ID: 24723458	2014
Neurologic damage in hypoglycemia. Handbook of clinical neurology\| PubMed ID: 25410242	2014
Autophagy in the posterior interosseous nerve of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an ultrastructural study. Diabetologia\| PubMed ID: 25523623	2015
Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Barium Zirconate Titanate (BZT) nanoparticle. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]\| PubMed ID: 25763046	2014
Naringenin improves learning and memory in an Alzheimer's disease rat model: Insights into the underlying mechanisms. European journal of pharmacology\| PubMed ID: 26148826	2015

Simin Mohseni

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