a-simple-method-for-size-controlled-synthesis-stable-oligomeric

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with NaSCN under alkaline conditions produces 2-3 nm diameter yellow nanoparticles without the addition of extraneous capping agents. We here describe two very simple methods for producing highly stable oligomeric grape-like clusters (oligoclusters) of these small nanoparticles. The oligoclusters have well-controlled diameters ranging from ∼5 to ∼30 nm, depending mainly on the number of subunits in the cluster. Our first ["delay-time"] method controls the size of the oligoclusters by varying from seconds to hours the delay time between making the HAuCl4 alkaline and adding the reducing agent, NaSCN. Our second ["add-on"] method controls size by using yellow nanoparticles as seeds onto which varying amounts of gold derived from "hydroxylated gold", Na(+)[Au(OH4-x)Clx](-), are added-on catalytically in the presence of NaSCN. Possible reaction mechanisms and a simple kinetic model fitting the data are discussed. The crude oligocluster preparations have narrow size distributions, and for most purposes do not require fractionation. The oligoclusters do not aggregate after ∼300-fold centrifugal-filter concentration, and at this high concentration are easily derivatized with a variety of thiol-containing reagents. This allows rare or expensive derivatizing reagents to be used economically. Unlike conventional glutathione-capped nanoparticles of comparable gold content, large oligoclusters derivatized with glutathione do not aggregate at high concentrations in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or in the circulation when injected into mice. Mice receiving them intravenously show no visible signs of distress. Their sizes can be made small enough to allow their excretion in the urine or large enough to prevent them from crossing capillary basement membranes. They are directly visible in electron micrographs without enhancement, and can model the biological fate of protein-like macromolecules with controlled sizes and charges. The ease of derivatizing the oligoclusters makes them potentially useful for presenting pharmacological agents to different tissues while controlling escape of the reagents from the circulation.

Stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles: preparation, size distribution, derivatization, and physical and biological properties.

The development of efficient drug delivery systems to transport therapeutics across barrier-forming cells remains a challenge. Recently it was shown that liposomes containing perifosine, a synthetic analog of lysophosphatidylcholine, efficiently deliver liposome encapsulated content across barrier-forming cells.

How perifosine affects liposome-encapsulated drug delivery across a cell barrier.

TiO2 nanoparticles have generally low toxicity in the in vitro systems although some toxicity is expected to originate in the TiO2-associated photo-generated radical production, which can however be modulated by the radical trapping ability of the serum proteins. To explore the role of serum proteins in the phototoxicity of the TiO2 nanoparticles we measure viability of the exposed cells depending on the nanoparticle and serum protein concentrations.

Article	Year
Stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles: preparation, size distribution, derivatization, and physical and biological properties. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 25317930	2014
How perifosine affects liposome-encapsulated drug delivery across a cell barrier. Therapeutic delivery\| PubMed ID: 25996042	2015
Protein Corona Prevents TiO2 Phototoxicity. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 26083725	2015

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