characterizing-electron-transport-through-living-biofilms

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

The construction of efficient light energy converting (photovoltaic and photoelectronic) devices is a current and great challenge in science and technology and one that will have important economic consequences. Here we show that the efficiency of these devices can be improved by the utilization of a new type of nano-organized material having photosynthetic reaction center proteins encapsulated inside carbon nanotube arrayed electrodes. In this work, a generically engineered bacterial photosynthetic reaction center protein with specifically synthesized organic molecular linkers were encapsulated inside carbon nanotubes and bound to the inner tube walls in unidirectional orientation. The results show that the photosynthetic proteins encapsulated inside carbon nanotubes are photochemically active and exhibit considerable improvement in the rate of electron transfer and the photocurrent density compared to the material constructed from the same components in traditional lamella configuration.

Increasing efficiency of photoelectronic conversion by encapsulation of photosynthetic reaction center proteins in arrayed carbon nanotube electrode.

Reversible conductance switching in single quinone-oligo(phenylene vinylene) (Q-OPV) molecules was demonstrated using electrochemical STM. The switching was achieved by application of electrochemical potential to the substrate supporting the molecule. The ratio of conductances between the high- and low-conductivity states is over 40. The high-conductivity state is ascribed to strong electron delocalization of the fully conjugated hydroquinone-OPV structure, whereas the low-conductivity state is characterized by disruption of electron delocalization in the quinone-OPV structure.

Electrochemically controlled conductance switching in a single molecule: quinone-modified oligo(phenylene vinylene).

The single-molecule conductivity of quinone-oligo(phenylene vinylene) (Q-OPV) attached to a gold substrate was studied using electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy. The results show that the molecule has two discrete conductivity states: a low-conductivity state, when it is oxidized, and a high-conductivity state, when reduced. The electron transport through the molecule in both states occurs via coherent tunnelling. The molecular conductivity in either oxidation state is independent from the electrochemical gate potential; however, the gate potential can be used to switch the oxidation state of the molecule. Numerical calculations suggest that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of Q-OPV controls tunnelling through the molecule and that the independence of conductivity from the electrochemical gate in either oxidation state originates from strong penetration of HOMO into the substrate. In addition, the greater delocalization of HOMO in the reduced state than in the oxidized state explains the greater conductivity of Q-OPV in the former than in the latter.

Observation of two discrete conductivity states in quinone-oligo(phenylene vinylene).

We have demonstrated directional photoinduced electron transfer in paraquat silicate thin films containing entrapped ruthenium(II)-tris(bathophenanthroline-disulfonate (RuBPS). The films were made by electrochemically-induced hydrolysis of a silane analogue of paraquat with ruthenium(II)-tris(bathophenanthroline-disulfonate as its ion pair.

Directional photoinduced electron transfer in paraquat silicate thin films containing entrapped ruthenium(II)-tris(bathophenanthroline-disulfonate).

We report the synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles with an internal structure forming a gel-like matrix. These nanoparticles are composed of low molecular weight liquid crystal (LC) 4-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) encapsulated in an LC-based polymer network. Using nanoscopic mechanical analysis, we demonstrate the ability to independently tune the shape anisotropy and stiffness by varying, respectively, the 5CB concentration and the extent of the polymer cross-linking. Based on these data, a model is introduced to account for the effect of the polymer network on the mechanical properties, thus providing novel insight into the nanomechanics of these soft particles.

Tuning mechanical properties of liquid crystalline nanoparticles.

Geobacter spp. can acquire energy by coupling intracellular oxidation of organic matter with extracellular electron transfer to an anode (an electrode poised at a metabolically oxidizing potential), forming a biofilm extending many cell lengths away from the anode surface. It has been proposed that long-range electron transport in such biofilms occurs through a network of bound redox cofactors, thought to involve extracellular matrix c-type cytochromes, as occurs for polymers containing discrete redox moieties. Here, we report measurements of electron transport in actively respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens wild type biofilms using interdigitated microelectrode arrays. Measurements when one electrode is used as an anode and the other electrode is used to monitor redox status of the biofilm 15 μm away indicate the presence of an intrabiofilm redox gradient, in which the concentration of electrons residing within the proposed redox cofactor network is higher farther from the anode surface. The magnitude of the redox gradient seems to correlate with current, which is consistent with electron transport from cells in the biofilm to the anode, where electrons effectively diffuse from areas of high to low concentration, hopping between redox cofactors. Comparison with gate measurements, when one electrode is used as an electron source and the other electrode is used as an electron drain, suggests that there are multiple types of redox cofactors in Geobacter biofilms spanning a range in oxidation potential that can engage in electron transport. The majority of these redox cofactors, however, seem to have oxidation potentials too negative to be involved in electron transport when acetate is the electron source.

Long-range electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is redox gradient-driven.

This work demonstrates the production of a well-controlled, chemical gradient on the surface of graphene. By inducing a gradient of oxygen functional groups, drops of water and dimethyl-methylphosphonate (a nerve agent simulant) are "pulled" in the direction of increasing oxygen content, while fluorine gradients "push" the droplet motion in the direction of decreasing fluorine content. The direction of motion is broadly attributed to increasing/decreasing hydrophilicity, which is correlated to high/low adhesion and binding energy. Such tunability in surface chemistry provides additional capabilities in device design for applications ranging from microfluidics to chemical sensing. 

Chemical gradients on graphene to drive droplet motion.

A sharp tip of atomic force microscope is employed to probe van der Waals forces of a silicon oxide substrate with adhered graphene. Experimental results obtained in the range of distances from 3 to 20 nm indicate that single-, double-, and triple-layer graphenes screen the van der Waals forces of the substrate. Fluorination of graphene, which makes it electrically insulating, lifts the screening in the single-layer graphene. The van der Waals force from graphene determined per layer decreases with the number of layers. In addition, increased hole doping of graphene increases the force. Finally, we also demonstrate screening of the van der Waals forces of the silicon oxide substrate by single- and double-layer molybdenum disulfide. 

van der Waals screening by single-layer graphene and molybdenum disulfide.

A thermophile, Thermus scotoductus SA-01, was cultured within a constant-temperature (65°C) microwave (MW) digester to determine if MW-specific effects influenced the growth and physiology of the organism. As a control, T. scotoductus cells were also cultured using convection heating at the same temperature as the MW studies. Cell growth was analyzed by optical density (OD) measurements, and cell morphologies were characterized using electron microscopy imaging (scanning electron microscopy [SEM] and transmission electron microscopy [TEM]), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Biophysical properties (i.e., turgor pressure) were also calculated with AFM, and biochemical compositions (i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, fatty acids) were analyzed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid methyl esters extracted from cell membranes. Here we report successful cultivation of a thermophile with only dielectric heating. Under the MW conditions for growth, cell walls remained intact and there were no indications of membrane damage or cell leakage. Results from these studies also demonstrated that T. scotoductus cells grown with MW heating exhibited accelerated growth rates in addition to altered cell morphologies and biochemical compositions compared with oven-grown cells. 

Differences in Physical and Biochemical Properties of Thermus scotoductus SA-01 Cultured with Dielectric or Convection Heating.

Microbial biofilms grown utilizing electrodes as metabolic electron acceptors or donors are a new class of biomaterials with distinct electronic properties. Here we report that electron transport through living electrode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is a thermally activated process with incoherent redox conductivity. The temperature dependency of this process is consistent with electron-transfer reactions involving hemes of c-type cytochromes known to play important roles in G. sulfurreducens extracellular electron transport. While incoherent redox conductivity is ubiquitous in biological systems at molecular-length scales, it is unprecedented over distances it appears to occur through living G. sulfurreducens biofilms, which can exceed 100 microns in thickness. 

Article	Year
Increasing efficiency of photoelectronic conversion by encapsulation of photosynthetic reaction center proteins in arrayed carbon nanotube electrode. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 18616302	2008
Electrochemically controlled conductance switching in a single molecule: quinone-modified oligo(phenylene vinylene). ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 19206347	2008
Observation of two discrete conductivity states in quinone-oligo(phenylene vinylene). Nanotechnology\| PubMed ID: 20097971	2010
Directional photoinduced electron transfer in paraquat silicate thin films containing entrapped ruthenium(II)-tris(bathophenanthroline-disulfonate). Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 21927757	2011
Tuning mechanical properties of liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Journal of colloid and interface science\| PubMed ID: 22183259	2012
Long-range electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is redox gradient-driven. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 22955881	2012
Chemical gradients on graphene to drive droplet motion. ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 23659463	2013
van der Waals screening by single-layer graphene and molybdenum disulfide. ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 25412420	2014
Differences in Physical and Biochemical Properties of Thermus scotoductus SA-01 Cultured with Dielectric or Convection Heating. Applied and environmental microbiology\| PubMed ID: 26150459	2015
Thermally activated long range electron transport in living biofilms. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP\| PubMed ID: 26611733	2015
Measuring conductivity of living Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms. Nature nanotechnology\| PubMed ID: 27821847	2016

Stanislav Tsoi

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