visualeyes-a-modular-software-system-for-oculomotor-experimentation

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

The ESP II Culture System (ESP II), a broth-based culture system, has been modified and optimized for culturing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) in animal feces since 2000. Conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the IS900 sequence were performed as confirmatory tests for M. paratuberculosis in ESP II liquid culture medium. There were no differences between test results of conventional and real-time PCR assays. During the 5-week incubation period, if acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were detected in ESP culture-positive samples, IS900 PCR assays were performed to confirm whether those AFB were M. paratuberculosis. At the end of the 5-week incubation, AF staining was performed on all ESP II-negative cultures to screen any false-negative cultures; IS900 PCR assays were performed on AFB-positive cultures. During a period of 1 year, of a total of 18,499 ESP II cultures, 2,814 (15.2%) PCR confirmation assays were performed. Of those, 2,259 (80%) were both ESP and PCR positive; 104 (4%) were ESP positive and PCR negative; 423 (15%) were ESP negative and PCR positive; 28 (1%) were both ESP and PCR negative. The AF-staining step after the 5-week incubation produced 423 (15%) more PCR-positive cultures. Of a total of 2,814 AFB-positive cultures, 132 (5%) were not confirmed as M. paratuberculosis. Further studies are needed for speciation of non-M. paratuberculosis isolates.

Use of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a broth-based culture system ESP II.

Nutzung konventioneller und real-time Polymerase-Kettenreaktion zur Best&#xE4;tigung von Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in einer Br&#xFC;he-Basis-System ESP II Kultur.

We compared the development of the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s. in different larval habitats. First stage larvae (L1s) of wild-caught females were placed into cages in natural habitats of the M form (rice fields) or the S form (puddles/ quarries). Each cage was covered with cloth, allowing exchange of water, solutes, and small particles, including microorganisms, and was seeded with 100 L1s of a single form (M or S) or by a mixture of 50:50 of M and S forms. Emergence success of both forms in puddles and quarries was three-fold higher than in the rice fields. The emergence rate of the S form was higher than that of the M form in both habitats, but the form x habitat interaction was not significant. In temporary larval sites such as puddles, emergence success of the M form was lower in mixed cages than in single form cages, whereas the reverse was true for the S form, suggesting competition between the forms. The median developmental time was not significantly different between forms. Although these findings demonstrate differences between forms, they do not suggest that their spatial segregation is determined by differences in their exploitation of the physical and chemical conditions in these environments. These results should be regarded with caution because small numbers of first stage larvae could pass through the cloth of the cages.

Larval development of the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in different habitats: a transplantation experiment.

Larvalentwicklung der molekularen Formen der Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in verschiedenen Lebensr&#xE4;umen: eine Transplantation Experiment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between phoria and the dynamics of vergence eye movements as described by the ratio of convergence average peak velocity to divergence average peak velocity, termed the vergence peak velocity ratio.

The relationship between phoria and the ratio of convergence peak velocity to divergence peak velocity.

Der Zweck dieser Studie war es, die Beziehung zwischen Phoria und die Dynamik der vergenz Augenbewegungen zu untersuchen, wie durch das Verh&auml;ltnis der Konvergenz durchschnittlichen Geschwindigkeit zum Divergenz durchschnittlichen Geschwindigkeit, bezeichnet die vergenz Peak Velocity Ratio beschrieben.

Die Beziehung zwischen Phoria und das Verh&auml;ltnis der H&ouml;hepunkt-Geschwindigkeit von Konvergenz, Divergenz H&ouml;hepunkt-Geschwindigkeit.

This research quantified clinical measurements and functional neural changes associated with vision therapy in subjects with convergence insufficiency (CI).

Vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency: clinical and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures.

Diese Forschung quantifiziert klinischen Messungen und neuronale Funktions&auml;nderungen Vision Therapie in F&auml;chern mit der Konvergenz-Insuffizienz (CI) zugeordnet.

Vision Therapie bei Erwachsenen mit Konvergenz-Insuffizienz: klinische und funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie Ma&szlig;nahmen.

The ability to adapt is critical to survival and varies between individuals. Adaptation of one motor system may be related to the ability to adapt another. This study sought to determine whether phoria adaptation was correlated with the ability to modify the dynamics of disparity vergence. Eye movements from ten subjects were recorded during dynamic disparity vergence modification and phoria adaptation experiments. Two different convergent stimuli were presented during the dynamic vergence modification experiment: a test stimulus (4Â° step) and a conditioning stimulus (4Â° double step). Dynamic disparity vergence responses were quantified by measuring the peak velocity (Â°/s). Phoria adaptation experiments measured the changes in phoria over a 5-min period of sustained fixation. The maximum velocity of phoria adaptation was determined from an exponential fit of the phoria data points. Phoria and dynamic disparity vergence peak velocity were both significantly modified (PÂ <Â 0.001). The maximum velocity of phoria adaptation was significantly correlated with the changes in convergence peak velocity (rÂ >Â 0.89; PÂ <Â 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the ability to adaptively adjust two different oculomotor parameters: a tonic and dynamic component. Future studies should investigate additional interactions between these parameters, and the ability to adaptively change other oculomotor systems such as the saccadic or smooth pursuit system. Understanding the ability to modify phoria, dynamic disparity vergence, and other oculomotor parameters can yield insights into the plasticity of short-term adaptation mechanisms.

Short-term adaptations of the dynamic disparity vergence and phoria systems.

Die F&auml;higkeit zur Anpassung ist entscheidend f&uuml;r das &Uuml;berleben und variiert zwischen Individuen. Anpassung der eine motor-System kann mit anderen Anpassungsf&auml;higkeit zusammenh&auml;ngen. Dieser Studie versucht, festzustellen, ob Phoria Anpassung mit der F&auml;higkeit korreliert war, die Dynamik der Disparit&auml;t vergenz &auml;ndern. Augenbewegungen von zehn Probanden wurden w&auml;hrend der dynamischen Ungleichheit vergenz &Auml;nderung und Phoria Anpassung Experimente aufgezeichnet. Zwei verschiedene konvergierende Reize wurden pr&auml;sentiert, w&auml;hrend das dynamische vergenz-&Auml;nderung-Experiment: ein Test-Impulse (4 &deg; Schritt) und Klimaanlage Impulse (4 &deg; Doppel Schritt). Dynamische Ungleichheit vergenz Antworten wurden durch die Messung der H&ouml;hepunkt-Geschwindigkeit (&deg; / s) quantifiziert. Phoria Anpassung Experimenten gemessen die &Auml;nderungen im Phoria &uuml;ber einen 5-min-Zeitraum anhaltende Fixierung. Die maximale Geschwindigkeit der Phoria Anpassung wurde von einer exponentiellen Anfall Phoria Datenpunkte bestimmt. Phoria und dynamische Ungleichheit vergenz H&ouml;hepunkt-Geschwindigkeit wurden beide wesentlich ge&auml;ndert (P &lt; 0,001). Die maximale geschwindigkeit der Phoria anpassung war signifikant wurde mit der &auml;nderung der konvergenz-h&ouml;hepunkt-geschwindigkeit (R &gt; 0.89; P &lt; 0,001). Es gab eine starke Korrelation zwischen die F&auml;higkeit, zwei verschiedene okulomotorischer Parameter adaptiv anzupassen: Tonikum und dynamische Komponente. Zuk&uuml;nftige Studien sollten zus&auml;tzliche Interaktionen zwischen diesen Parametern und die F&auml;higkeit, anderen okulomotorischen Systemen wie dem saccadischen oder glatte Verfolgung-System adaptiv &auml;ndern untersuchen. Verst&auml;ndnis Phoria, dynamische Ungleichheit vergenz und andere okulomotorischer Parameter &auml;ndern kann Einblicke in die Plastizit&auml;t der kurzfristigen Anpassung Mechanismen f&uuml;hren.

Kurzfristige Anpassungen der dynamische Ungleichheit vergenz und Phoria.

This study sought to investigate the influence of phoria adaptation on convergence peak velocity from responses located at different initial vergence positions.

Sustained fixation induced changes in phoria and convergence peak velocity.

Diese Studie versucht, den Einfluss der Phoria Anpassung auf Konvergenz H&ouml;hepunkt-Geschwindigkeit von Antworten befindet sich an verschiedenen anf&auml;nglichen vergenz Positionen zu untersuchen.

Article	Year
Use of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a broth-based culture system ESP II. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc\| PubMed ID: 15460331	2004
Larval development of the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in different habitats: a transplantation experiment. Journal of medical entomology\| PubMed ID: 16119542	2005
The relationship between phoria and the ratio of convergence peak velocity to divergence peak velocity. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science\| PubMed ID: 20335602	2010
Vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency: clinical and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry\| PubMed ID: 21057347	2010
Short-term adaptations of the dynamic disparity vergence and phoria systems. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. ExpÃ©rimentation cÃ©rÃ©brale\| PubMed ID: 21594645	2011
Sustained fixation induced changes in phoria and convergence peak velocity. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 21698110	2011

Eun H. Kim

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