paradigms-lower-extremity-electrical-stimulation-training-after

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Nutrition is the process in which growth, repair, and maintenance of the body are accomplished by consuming and utilizing food substances. A proper diet must be ingested to ensure the right amount of nutrition is delivered to sustain appropriate physiological mechanisms. Knowledge of the basic constituent of dietary intake is essential for several of health related variables. Poor diet negatively affects overall health which can lead to obesity and can cause many types of diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, etc. Our research group has previously invested in studying the adaptations in body composition following spinal cord injury (SCI) and how regional as well as total adipose tissue distribution may negatively influence the metabolic profile in this population. Little is known about the role of nutrition following SCI and it is unclear how it impacts body composition and the metabolic profile. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize the available evidence on how macronutrient components (carbohydrate, fat and protein) impact health status after SCI. We hope as an outcome of this work to stimulate further research in this area to expand the knowledge on how to properly design dietary interventions that suit the adaptations following SCI.

The role of nutrition in health status after spinal cord injury.

To (1) quantify yellow and red bone marrow (BM) and cortical bone cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the femur in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI) compared with healthy able-bodied control subjects and (2) determine the relationships between yellow and red BM, cortical CSAs, and thigh composition and measurements from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in men with complete SCI.

Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury.

Single-subject case (male, 33 years of age, T6 SCI AIS A).

Effects of once weekly NMES training on knee extensors fatigue and body composition in a person with spinal cord injury.

To determine the effects of 12 weeks of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training with ankle weights on intermuscular fascial length and patellar tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training increases intermuscular fascial length but not tendon cross-sectional area after spinal cord injury.

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a lifelong risk of obesity and chronic metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Within a few weeks of injury, there is a significant decline in whole body fat-free mass, particularly lower extremity skeletal muscle mass, and subsequent increase in fat mass (FM). This is accompanied by a decrease in anabolic hormones including testosterone. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and improve metabolic profile. Additionally, resistance training (RT) has been shown to increase lean mass and reduce metabolic disturbances in SCI and other clinical populations.

Effects of Testosterone and Evoked Resistance Exercise after Spinal Cord Injury (TEREX-SCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is an independent risk for mortality and other health-related comorbidities.

Gender Dimorphism in Central Adiposity May Explain Metabolic Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury.

The objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility and initial efficacy of telehealth communication in conjunction with surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) resistance training (RT) to induce muscle hypertrophy.

Article	Year
The role of nutrition in health status after spinal cord injury. Aging and disease\| PubMed ID: 23423356	2013
Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation\| PubMed ID: 23684921	2013
Effects of once weekly NMES training on knee extensors fatigue and body composition in a person with spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine\| PubMed ID: 25615403	2016
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training increases intermuscular fascial length but not tendon cross-sectional area after spinal cord injury. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation\| PubMed ID: 25762863	2015
Effects of Testosterone and Evoked Resistance Exercise after Spinal Cord Injury (TEREX-SCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ open\| PubMed ID: 28377392	2017
Gender Dimorphism in Central Adiposity May Explain Metabolic Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation\| PubMed ID: 28827208	2017
A feasibility pilot using telehealth videoconference monitoring of home-based NMES resistance training in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal cord series and cases\| PubMed ID: 29021917	2017

Refka E. Khalil

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