isolating-nasal-olfactory-stem-cells-from-rodents-or-humans

Isolating Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells from Rodents or Humans

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external ...

The aim of the present study was to search for a sensorimotor marker (i.e., visuopostural tuning) that could be correlated with the severity of motor impairments in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Given that autistic children were previously reported to be posturally hyporeactive to visually perceived environmental motion in comparison with normal control children (Gepner et al., 1995), we sought to determine whether children with Asperger syndrome (AS) would share the same postural hyporeactivity to visual motion. Three autistic children with mild to severe motor impairments, three AS children with soft motor signs, and nine normal control children were tested for overall postural instability and postural reactivity to environmental motion. Results indicate, first, that overall postural instability is significantly reduced in autistic children compared with both AS and normal children. Second, although postural oscillations in the fore-aft axis become more attuned to the oscillation frequency of an immersive dynamic visual display as visual speed is increased, in both control and AS subjects, this is not the case in autistic children. Despite the small number of subjects tested in this study, our data confirm the existence of a visuopostural detuning in autistic children. Third, they argue for a correlation between visuopostural tuning and severity of motor signs in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Finally, they suggest a differentiation between children with autism and children with AS with regard to postural reactivity to fast visual motion. Neurophysiological implications of these results are discussed. In particular, a visuocerebellar pathway deficit hypothesis in autism is proposed.

Brief report: postural reactivity to fast visual motion differentiates autistic from children with Asperger syndrome.

Kurzbericht: Haltungs-Reaktivit&#xE4;t auf schnelle visuelle Bewegung unterscheidet Autisten von Kindern mit Asperger-Syndrom.

Rapid visual-motion integration deficit in autism.

Schnelle visuelle-motion Integration Defizit beim Autismus.

Possible peculiarities in face perception in the autistic population were explored through two experiments. Fourteen autistic children (mean age=10 years 1 month) were individually matched to verbal mental age (VMA) and chronological age (CA) subjects. In a first experiment, subjects were to match faces on the basis of either their outer (hair, chin, ears) or their inner (eyes, nose, mouth) aspects. Autistic children performed equally well in both conditions, while VMA-matched children performed better in the outer than the inner part condition. In a second experiment, chimeric faces consisting of the outer part of an individual's face and the inner part of another individual's face were presented to the subjects. None of the groups showed a preference for neither the outer nor the inner part of the face in this condition. Results were discussed in terms of the existence of a local visual processing strategy in this population.

Inner and outer face perception in children with autism.

Innere und &#xE4;u&#xDF;ere Gesicht Wahrnehmung bei Kindern mit Autismus.

Two experiments were designed to investigate possible abnormal face processing strategies in children with autistic spectrum disorders. A group of 11 children with autism was compared to two groups of normally developing children matched on verbal mental age and on chronological age. In the first experiment, participants had to recognize faces on the basis of identity, emotion, gaze direction, gender, and lip reading. All aspects of face processing, except for identity matching, were deficient in the autistic population compared with controls. In the second study, children had to match faces on either high-(i.e., local facial features) or low-spatial frequency information (i.e., global configuration of faces). Contrary to the control subjects, children with autism showed better performance when using high rather than low spatial frequency, confirming face-processing peculiarities in this population.

Spatial frequency and face processing in children with autism and Asperger syndrome.

Ortsfrequenz und Verarbeitung von Gesichtern bei Kindern mit Autismus und Asperger-Syndrom.

Autism, movement, and facial processing.

Autismus, Bewegung und Gesichts-Verarbeitung.

This study examined the effects of slowing down presentation of facial expressions and their corresponding vocal sounds on facial expression recognition and facial and/or vocal imitation in children with autism. Twelve autistic children and twenty-four normal control children were presented with emotional and non-emotional facial expressions on CD-Rom, under audio or silent conditions, and under dynamic visual conditions (slowly, very slowly, at normal speed) plus a static control. Overall, children with autism showed lower performance in expression recognition and more induced facial-vocal imitation than controls. In the autistic group, facial expression recognition and induced facial-vocal imitation were significantly enhanced in slow conditions. Findings may give new perspectives for understanding and intervention for verbal and emotional perceptive and communicative impairments in autistic populations.

Slowing down presentation of facial movements and vocal sounds enhances facial expression recognition and induces facial-vocal imitation in children with autism.

Diese Studie untersuchte die Auswirkungen einer Verlangsamung Pr&auml;sentation der Gesichts-und/oder Gesang Nachahmung bei Kindern mit Autismus, Mimik und ihre entsprechenden vocal Sounds &uuml;ber Gesichtsausdruck Anerkennung. Zw&ouml;lf autistischen Kindern und vierundzwanzig normalen Steuerung mit emotionalen und nicht-emotionale Mimik auf CD-ROM, audio oder leise Bedingungen und unter dynamischen visuellen Bedingungen dargestellt wurden (langsam, sehr langsam bei normaler Geschwindigkeit) sowie ein statisches Steuerelement. Kinder mit Autismus zeigten geringere Performance Ausdruck Anerkennung und mehr induzierte insgesamt Gesichtsbehandlung-Vocal Nachahmung als Steuerelemente. In der autistische Gruppe wurden Gesichtsausdruck Anerkennung und induzierte Gesichtsbehandlung-Vocal-Imitation in langsamen Bedingungen ma&szlig;geblich verbessert. Erkenntnisse k&ouml;nnen neue Perspektiven f&uuml;r Verst&auml;ndnis und Intervention f&uuml;r verbale und emotionale perzeptive und kommunikativen Beeintr&auml;chtigungen in der autistischen Populationen geben.

Verlangsamung der Pr&auml;sentation des Gesichts Bewegungen und vocal Sounds verbessert Gesichtsausdruck Anerkennung und induziert Gesichtsbehandlung-Vocal Nachahmung bei Kindern mit Autismus.

Several recent studies suggest that autism may result from abnormal communication between brain regions. We directly assessed this hypothesis by testing the presence of abnormalities in a model of the functional cerebral network engaged during explicit emotion processing in adults with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. Comparison of structural equation models revealed abnormal patterns of effective connectivity, with the prefrontal cortex as a key site of dysfunction. These findings provide evidence that abnormal long-range connectivity between structures of the 'social brain' could explain the socio-emotional troubles that characterize the autistic pathology.

Abnormal cerebral effective connectivity during explicit emotional processing in adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Einige neuere Studien legen nahe, dass Autismus durch abnorme Kommunikation zwischen Hirnregionen entstehen. Wir beurteilt direkt diese Hypothese testen das Vorhandensein von Anomalien in einem Modell des funktionelle zerebrale Netzes w&auml;hrend explizite Emotion Verarbeitung bei Erwachsenen mit hohem Funktionieren Autismus oder Asperger-Syndrom engagiert. Vergleich der strukturellen Gleichung Modelle zeigte abnorme Verhaltensmuster wirksam Anschlussm&ouml;glichkeiten: der pr&auml;frontale Kortex als wichtiger Standort der Dysfunktion. Diese Erkenntnisse belegen abnorme weitr&auml;umige Vernetzung der Strukturen des Gehirns&#39; sozialen&#39; die sozio-emotionale Probleme erkl&auml;ren konnte, die die autistische Pathologie zu charakterisieren.

Anormalen zerebrale effektive Konnektivit&auml;t w&auml;hrend explizite emotionale Verarbeitung bei Erwachsenen mit Asperger-Syndrom.

Disorders in verbal and emotional communication and imitation, social reciprocity and higher order cognition observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are presented here as phenotypic expressions of temporo-spatial processing disorders (TSPDs). TSPDs include various degrees of disability in (i) processing multi-sensory dynamic stimuli online, (ii) associating them into meaningful and coherent patterns and (iii) producing real-time sensory-motor adjustments and motor outputs. In line with this theory, we found that slowing down the speed of facial and vocal events enhanced imitative, verbal and cognitive abilities in some ASD children, particularly those with low functioning autism. We then argue that TSPDs may result from Multi-system Brain Disconnectivity-Dissynchrony (MBD), defined as an increase or decrease in functional connectivity and neuronal synchronization within/between multiple neurofunctional territories and pathways. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electrophysiological studies supporting MBD are outlined. Finally, we review the suspected underlying neurobiological mechanisms of MBD as evidenced in neuroimaging, genetic, environmental and epigenetic studies. Overall, our TSPD/MBD approach to ASD may open new promising avenues for a better understanding of neuro-physio-psychopathology of ASD and clinical rehabilitation of people affected by these syndromes.

Autism: a world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain?

Erkrankungen in verbale und emotionale Kommunikation und Nachahmung, sozialer Gegenseitigkeit und h&ouml;here Ordnung kognitive Prozesse beobachtet bei Menschen mit Autismus-Spektrum-St&ouml;rungen (ASD) pr&auml;sentiert werden hier als ph&auml;notypische Ausdr&uuml;cke Temporo-r&auml;umliche Verarbeitung Erkrankungen (TSPDs). TSPDs umfassen verschiedene Grad der Behinderung in (i) die Verarbeitung multisensorischen dynamische Reize online, (Ii) ihnen in sinnvolle und einheitliche Muster zuzuordnen und (Iii) produzierte Echtzeit sensorisch-motorischen Anpassungen und motor Ausg&auml;nge. Entsprechend dieser Theorie fanden wir, dass verlangsamt sich die Geschwindigkeit des Gesichts und Vokalen Ereignisse imitierenden, verbale und kognitive F&auml;higkeiten bei manchen ASD-Kindern, insbesondere solche mit niedrigen Funktionieren Autismus verbessert. Wir argumentieren dann TSPDs kann resultieren aus Multi-System Gehirn Menschenrechtsverletzung-Dissynchrony (MBD), definiert als eine Erh&ouml;hung oder Verminderung der funktionelle Konnektivit&auml;t und neuronale Synchronisation innerhalb/zwischen mehreren neurofunktionalen Gebiete und Wege. Den letzten funktionelle Kernspintomographie (fMRI) und elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen zur Unterst&uuml;tzung von MBD werden beschrieben. Schlie&szlig;lich pr&uuml;fen wir die vermuteten zugrundeliegenden neurobiologischen Mechanismen MBD wie in Neuroimaging, genetische, &ouml;kologische und epigenetische Studien belegt. Insgesamt kann unser TSPD/MBD-Ansatz zur ASD neue vielversprechende Wege f&uuml;r ein besseres Verst&auml;ndnis der Neuro-Physio-Psychopathologie des ASD und klinische Rehabilitation von Menschen mit dieser Syndrome &ouml;ffnen.

Autismus: eine Welt, die zu schnell f&uuml;r ein mis-wired Gehirn ver&auml;ndern?

Imitation deficits observed among individuals with autism could be partly explained by the excessive speed of biological movements to be perceived and then reproduced. Along with this assumption, slowing down the speed of presentation of these movements might improve their imitative performances. To test this hypothesis, 19 children with autism, 37 typically-developing children and 17 children with Down syndrome were asked to reproduce facial and body movements presented on a computer at a normal/ecological and two slowed down speeds. Our main result showed that a subgroup of individuals with severe autism better reproduced the movements when presented slowly than at the ecological speed. This finding opens a new window for comprehension and rehabilitation of perceptual and imitative deficits in autism.

Slowing down the presentation of facial and body movements enhances imitation performance in children with severe autism.

Imitation Defizite bei Menschen mit Autismus beobachtet k&ouml;nnte teilweise erkl&auml;rt werden, durch die &uuml;berm&auml;&szlig;ige Geschwindigkeit biologischer Bewegungen wahrgenommen und dann reproduziert werden. Zusammen mit dieser Annahme m&ouml;glicherweise verlangsamt sich die Geschwindigkeit der Pr&auml;sentation dieser Bewegungen ihre imitierenden Leistungen verbessern. Um diese Hypothese zu testen, wurden 19 Kinder mit Autismus, 37 in der Regel entwickeln Kinder und 17 Kinder mit Down-Syndrom gebeten, zur Reproduktion von Gesichts- und Bewegungen, die auf einem Computer zu einem Normal/&ouml;kologische zwei Geschwindigkeiten verlangsamt dargestellt. Unsere wichtigste Ergebnis zeigte, dass eine Untergruppe von Menschen mit schweren Autismus besser die Bewegungen bei langsam als &ouml;kologische Geschwindigkeit wiedergegeben. Diese Erkenntnis &ouml;ffnet ein neues Fenster f&uuml;r Verst&auml;ndnis und Rehabilitation Wahrnehmungs- und nachahmenden Defizite bei Autismus.

Article	Year
Brief report: postural reactivity to fast visual motion differentiates autistic from children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders\| PubMed ID: 12108625	2002
Rapid visual-motion integration deficit in autism. Trends in cognitive sciences\| PubMed ID: 12457894	2002
Inner and outer face perception in children with autism. Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence\| PubMed ID: 14972707	2003
Spatial frequency and face processing in children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders\| PubMed ID: 15162938	2004
Autism, movement, and facial processing. The American journal of psychiatry\| PubMed ID: 15337675	2004
Slowing down presentation of facial movements and vocal sounds enhances facial expression recognition and induces facial-vocal imitation in children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders\| PubMed ID: 17029018	2007
Abnormal cerebral effective connectivity during explicit emotional processing in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 19015104	2008
Autism: a world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain? Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews\| PubMed ID: 19559043	2009
Slowing down the presentation of facial and body movements enhances imitation performance in children with severe autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders\| PubMed ID: 20960040	2011

Bruno Gepner

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