using-microarrays-to-interrogate-microenvironmental-impact-on

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Understanding the impact of the microenvironment on the phenotype of cells is a difficult problem due to the complex mixture of both soluble growth ...

Effective treatment of patients with triple-negative (ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2-negative) breast cancer remains a challenge. Although PARP inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials, biomarkers are needed to identify patients who will most benefit from anti-PARP therapy. We determined the responses of three PARP inhibitors (veliparib, olaparib, and talazoparib) in a panel of eight triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Therapeutic responses and cellular phenotypes were elucidated using high-content imaging and quantitative immunofluorescence to assess markers of DNA damage (53BP1) and apoptosis (cleaved PARP). We determined the pharmacodynamic changes as percentage of cells positive for 53BP1, mean number of 53BP1 foci per cell, and percentage of cells positive for cleaved PARP. Inspired by traditional dose-response measures of cell viability, an EC value was calculated for each cellular phenotype and each PARP inhibitor. The EC values for both 53BP1 metrics strongly correlated with IC values for each PARP inhibitor. Pathway enrichment analysis identified a set of DNA repair and cell cycle-associated genes that were associated with 53BP1 response following PARP inhibition. The overall accuracy of our 63 gene set in predicting response to olaparib in seven breast cancer patient-derived xenograft tumors was 86%. In triple-negative breast cancer patients who had not received anti-PARP therapy, the predicted response rate of our gene signature was 45%. These results indicate that 53BP1 is a biomarker of response to anti-PARP therapy in the laboratory, and our DNA damage response gene signature may be used to identify patients who are most likely to respond to PARP inhibition. .

Pathway-Enriched Gene Signature Associated with 53BP1 Response to PARP Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

The BET bromodomain protein BRD4 is a chromatin reader that regulates transcription, including in cancer. In prostate cancer, specifically, the anti-tumor activity of BET bromodomain inhibition has been principally linked to suppression of androgen receptor (AR) function. MYC is a well-described BRD4 target gene in multiple cancer types, and prior work demonstrates that MYC plays an important role in promoting prostate cancer cell survival. Importantly, several BET bromodomain clinical trials are ongoing, including in prostate cancer. However, there is limited information about pharmacodynamic markers of response or mediators of de novo resistance. Using a panel of prostate cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that MYC suppression-rather than AR suppression-is a key determinant of BET bromodomain inhibitor sensitivity. Importantly, we determined that BRD4 was dispensable for MYC expression in the most resistant cell lines and that MYC RNAi + BET bromodomain inhibition led to additive anti-tumor activity in the most resistant cell lines. Our findings demonstrate that MYC suppression is an important pharmacodynamic marker of BET bromodomain inhibitor response and suggest that targeting MYC may be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome de novo BET bromodomain inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer.

Maintenance of MYC expression promotes de novo resistance to BET bromodomain inhibition in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BET bromodomain inhibitors block prostate cancer cell growth at least in part through c-Myc and androgen receptor (AR) suppression. However, little is known about other transcriptional regulators whose suppression contributes to BET bromodomain inhibitor anti-tumor activity. Moreover, the anti-tumor activity of BET bromodomain inhibition in AR-independent castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), whose frequency is increasing, is also unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that BET bromodomain inhibition blocks growth of a diverse set of CRPC cell models, including those that are AR-independent or in which c-Myc is not suppressed. To identify transcriptional regulators whose suppression accounts for these effects, we treated multiple CRPC cell lines with the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 and then performed RNA-sequencing followed by Master Regulator computational analysis. This approach identified several previously unappreciated transcriptional regulators that are highly expressed in CRPC and whose suppression, via both transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms, contributes to the anti-tumor activity of BET bromodomain inhibitors.

Article	Year
Pathway-Enriched Gene Signature Associated with 53BP1 Response to PARP Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecular cancer therapeutics\| PubMed ID: 28958991	2017
Maintenance of MYC expression promotes de novo resistance to BET bromodomain inhibition in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 30846826	2019
BET bromodomain inhibition blocks the function of a critical AR-independent master regulator network in lethal prostate cancer. Oncogene\| PubMed ID: 30996246	2019

Laura Heiser

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