single-drosophila-ommatidium-dissection-and-imaging

Single <em>Drosophila</em> Ommatidium Dissection and Imaging

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has made invaluable contributions to neuroscience research and has been used widely as a model for neurodegenerative ...

Reductions in glial cell density and neuronal size have been described recently in major depressive disorder (MDD). Considering the important trophic influence of glia on neurons, we hypothesized that this glial cell deficit is more prominent close to neurons. In this investigation we have characterized neuronal and glia cytoarchitecture in prefrontal area 9 using spatial point pattern techniques and two-dimensional measures of cell size and density. In post-mortem brain tissue of subjects with MDD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BPD), and normal controls (15 subjects per group), we examined the laminar location and size of all neurons and glial nuclei in a 500 microm wide strip of cortex extending from the pia to the grey-white matter border. In MDD, we observed reductions in glial cell density (30%; P = 0.007) in layer 5 and neuronal size (20%; P = 0.003) in layer 6. We also found that glial cell density (34%; P = 0.003) was reduced in layer 5 in schizophrenia, while neuronal size was reduced in layers 5 (14%) (P = 0.006) and 6 (18%; P = 0.007) in BPD. The spatial pattern investigation of neurons and glia demonstrated no alteration in the clustering of glia about neurons between control and patient groups. These findings confirm that glial cell loss and neuronal size reductions occur in the deeper cortical layers in MDD, but provide no support for the hypothesis that an altered spatial distribution of glia about neurons plays a role in the development of these changes.

Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder.

Reduzierte Gr&#xF6;&#xDF;e neuronale und gliale Zelldichte im Bereich 9 des dorsolateralen pr&#xE4;frontalen Kortex bei Patienten mit schweren depressiven St&#xF6;rungen.

Isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) is a large scale petrochemical used principally in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers. It is also produced by plants and trees and is formed endogenously in mammals as a major endogenous hydrocarbon. Mammalian metabolism of isoprene involves cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases to give the regioisomeric monoepoxides, prop-2-enyloxirane and 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane. The isoprene monoepoxides are further oxidized to the mutagenic diepoxides, 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxiranes. The present studies have investigated the stereochemistry and comparative rates of the metabolic epoxidation in vitro of isoprene to mono- and diepoxides by liver microsomes from rat, mouse, and human in order to identify stereochemical and kinetic differences between species in the formation of these epoxide metabolites, which are key to understanding the toxicology of isoprene. The assignments of stereochemistry were based on comparisons with synthetic standards, the syntheses for which are described. Comparative enzyme kinetic parameters (apparent K(m) and apparent V(max) values) for the in vitro formation of all of the monoepoxide and diepoxide stereoisomers have been obtained. The rates of formation of both mono- and diepoxides were greater in the rodent systems as compared with the human in vitro system. The results provide comparative kinetic data that have potential for modeling and assessing the relevance of the animal carcinogenicity data for man. The possibility of human interindividual variation was also investigated with liver preparations from several individual humans, but significant differences between individuals were not observed in the formation of the monoepoxides from isoprene.

Stereochemical and kinetic comparisons of mono- and diepoxide formation in the in vitro metabolism of isoprene by liver microsomes from rats, mice, and humans.

Stereochemische und kinetische Vergleiche von Mono-und Diepoxid Bildung in der In-vitro-Metabolismus von Isopren durch Lebermikrosomen von Ratten, M&#xE4;usen und Menschen.

There is evidence that the superior temporal gyrus and Heschl's gyrus within it are implicated in schizophrenia. We investigated neuronal and glial cell density and cortical thickness within Heschl's gyrus, using the optical disector to estimate cell density within cortical layers 3 and 5 in tissue derived postmortem from people with diagnoses of major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, compared with normal controls (n=15 per group). No significant difference in neuronal or glial cell density or in cortical thickness was observed between the groups; our findings therefore provide no support for the presence of cellular pathology within Heschl's gyrus in schizophrenia.

Cell density and cortical thickness in Heschl's gyrus in schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder.

Die Zelldichte und kortikale Dicke in Heschl-Gyrus bei Schizophrenie, Depression und bipolarer St&#xF6;rung.

School students as Drosophila experimenters.

Sch&#xFC;ler wie Drosophila Experimentatoren.

We have shown that over-expression of human tau (0N3R) in Drosophila larval motor neurons causes significant morphological and functional disruption to the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Tau-expressing NMJs are reduced in size with irregular and abnormal bouton structure. Immunocytochemical analysis shows that the abnormal NMJs still retain synaptotagmin expression and form active zones. Functionally, the NMJs exhibit abnormal endo/exocytosis as revealed by incorporation of the styryl dye FM1-43. Electrophysiological studies showed that with low frequency stimulation (1 Hz), evoked synaptic potentials produced from tau over-expressing motor neurons were indistinguishable from wild type, however, following high frequency stimulation (50 Hz), evoked synaptic potentials were significantly decreased. Analysis of the number and distribution of mitochondria showed that motor neurons over-expressing tau had a significant reduction in functional mitochondria in the presynaptic terminal. Collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential in wild type larvae phenocopied the effects of tau over-expression on synaptic transmission. Our results demonstrate that tau over-expression in vivo cause a synaptic dysfunction, which may be caused by a reduced complement of functional mitochondria.

Over-expression of tau results in defective synaptic transmission in Drosophila neuromuscular junctions.

Die &#xDC;berexpression von Tau f&#xFC;hrt zu fehlerhaften synaptischen &#xDC;bertragung in Drosophila neuromuskul&#xE4;ren Endplatten.

Deprivation and volunteering by general practices: cross sectional analysis of a national primary care system.

Entbehrung und freiwilliges Engagement durch die allgemeine Praxis: Kreuz Sektionaltore Analysis of a national Primary Care-System.

The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) of the new General Medical Services contract, for the first time, incentivises certain areas of general practice workload over others. The ability of practices to deliver high quality care may be related to the size of the practice itself.

Practice size and quality attainment under the new GMS contract: a cross-sectional analysis.

Die Qualit&auml;t und Ergebnisse Framework (QOF) der neuen General Medical Services Vertrag zum ersten Mal, Incentivises bestimmte Bereiche der Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitslast gegen&uuml;ber anderen. Die F&auml;higkeit von Praktiken, qualitativ hochwertige Versorgung kann auf die Gr&ouml;&szlig;e der Praxis selbst zusammenh&auml;ngen.

Gr&ouml;&szlig;e und Qualit&auml;t erreichen gem&auml;&szlig; dem neuen GMS-Vertrag zu &uuml;ben: ein Querschnitt Analyse.

To determine whether low serum cortisol concentrations are associated with adverse prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Low serum cortisol concentrations have been associated with adverse prognosis in critical illness of diverse etiology.

Low serum cortisol predicts early death after acute myocardial infarction.

Um festzustellen, ob niedrige Serum-Cortisol-Konzentrationen nachteilige Prognose bei Patienten mit akutem Myokardinfarkt zugeordnet sind. Niedrige Serum-Cortisol-Konzentrationen wurden ung&uuml;nstige Prognose in critical-Illness vielf&auml;ltige &Auml;tiologie zugeordnet.

Niedrige Serum-Cortisol prognostiziert fr&uuml;hen Tod nach akutem Myokardinfarkt.

Previous studies have demonstrated an association between preterm delivery and increased risk of special educational need (SEN). The aim of our study was to examine the risk of SEN across the full range of gestation.

Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren.

Fr&uuml;here Studien haben eine Verbindung zwischen Fr&uuml;hgeburt und erh&ouml;htes Risiko f&uuml;r besondere p&auml;dagogische Notwendigkeit (SEN) gezeigt. Ziel unserer Studie war das Risiko von SEN &uuml;ber das gesamte Spektrum der Schwangerschaft zu untersuchen.

Gestationsalter bei Lieferung und besonderen p&auml;dagogischen Bedarf: retrospektiven Kohortenstudie der 407.503 Sch&uuml;ler.

Previous studies have shown that after the adoption of comprehensive smoke-free legislation, there is a reduction in respiratory symptoms among workers in bars. However, it is not known whether respiratory disease is also reduced among people who do not have occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The aim of our study was to determine whether the ban on smoking in public places in Scotland, which was initiated in March 2006, influenced the rate of hospital admissions for childhood asthma.

Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for childhood asthma.

Fr&uuml;here Studien zeigten, dass nach der Annahme einer umfassenden rauchfreien Gesetzgebung, es eine Erm&auml;&szlig;igung in respiratorische Symptome unter den Arbeitern in den Bars gibt. Allerdings ist nicht bekannt, ob Atemwegserkrankungen auch unter Menschen reduziert wird, die keinen berufsbedingte Exposition gegen&uuml;ber Tabakrauch. Ziel unserer Studie war zu bestimmen, ob das Rauchverbot an &ouml;ffentlichen Orten in Schottland, das im M&auml;rz 2006 initiiert wurde, die Rate der Krankenhausaufnahmen wegen Asthma im Kindesalter beeinflusst.

Rauchfrei-Gesetzgebung und Hospitalisierungen f&uuml;r Asthma im Kindesalter.

Previous studies have demonstrated an overall association between pre-term delivery and maternal risk of subsequent ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The underlying mechanism is unknown. We explored whether the association was specific to spontaneous or elective pre-term delivery.

Maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease following elective and spontaneous pre-term delivery: retrospective cohort study of 750 350 singleton pregnancies.

Fr&uuml;here Studien haben insgesamt Beziehung zwischen vorfristige Lieferung und m&uuml;tterliche Risiko einer nachfolgenden isch&auml;mische Herzkrankheit (IHD) gezeigt. Der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus ist unbekannt. Wir untersuchten, ob der Verein speziell f&uuml;r spontane oder elektiven vorfristige Lieferung war.

M&uuml;tterliche Risiko f&uuml;r isch&auml;mische Herzkrankheiten nach elektiven und spontane vorfristige Lieferung: retrospektiven Kohortenstudie 750 350 Singleton Schwangerschaften.

We sought to determine whether giving birth preterm is associated with raised maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) in later life and whether the association is specific to indicated or spontaneous delivery.

Association between preterm delivery and subsequent C-reactive protein: a retrospective cohort study.

Wir versucht, festzustellen, ob der Geburt Fr&uuml;hgeburt ist mit erh&ouml;hten m&uuml;tterlichen C - reaktives Protein (CRP) im sp&auml;teren Leben und ob der Verein speziell f&uuml;r angegebene oder spontane Lieferung ist.

Assoziation zwischen Fr&uuml;hgeburt und nachfolgende C - reaktives Protein: eine Retrospektive Kohortenstudie.

In Scotland, legislation was implemented in March 2006 prohibiting smoking in all wholly or partially enclosed public spaces. We investigated the impact on attempts to quit smoking and smoking prevalence.

Impact of Scottish smoke-free legislation on smoking quit attempts and prevalence.

In Schottland wurde im M&auml;rz 2006 ein Rauchverbot in allen ganz oder teilweise geschlossenen &ouml;ffentlichen R&auml;umen Gesetzgebung umgesetzt. Wir untersuchten die Auswirkungen auf die Versuche zu rauchen und Rauchen Pr&auml;valenz zu beenden.

Auswirkungen der schottischen rauchfreie Rechtsvorschriften rauchen beenden Sie Versuche und Pr&auml;valenz.

ObjectiveTo assess short-term and medium-term outcomes following radial and femoral artery access for primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingScotland-wide.PatientsAll 4534 patients undergoing primary or rescue PCI in Scotland between April 2000 and March 2009 using the Scottish Coronary Revascularisation Register.InterventionPrimary or rescue PCI.Main outcome measuresProcedural success; peri-procedural complications; 30-day and 1-year mortality, myocardial infarction or stroke and long-term mortality.ResultsUse of the radial approach increased from no cases in 2000 to 924 (80.5%) in 2009 (p<0.001). Patients in whom the radial approach was used were more likely to be male (p=0.041) and to have multiple comorbidities (p<0.001), including hypertension (p<0.001) and left ventricular dysfunction (p<0.001). They were less likely to have renal impairment (p=0.017), multi-vessel coronary disease (p=0.001) and cardiogenic shock (p<0.001). In multivariable analyses, use of radial artery access was associated with greater procedural success (adjusted OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.26 - 2.82, p=0.002) and a lower risk of any complications (adjusted OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51 - 0.87, p=0.001) or access site bleeding complications (adjusted OR 0.21, 0.08 - 0.56, p=0.002), as well as a lower risk of myocardial infarction (adjusted OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.51-0.87, p=0.003) or death within 30 days (adjusted OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.04 - 0.52, p<0.001). The differences in myocardial infarction and death remained significant up to 9 years of follow-up.ConclusionUse of the radial artery for primary or rescue PCI is associated with improved clinical outcomes.

Clinical outcomes following radial versus femoral artery access in primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention in Scotland: retrospective cohort study of 4534 patients.

ObjectiveTo bewerten kurz- und mittelfristige Ergebnisse nach Radial und Arteria femoralis Zugang f&uuml;r Prim&auml;r- oder Rettung perkutane koronare Intervention (PCI).DesignRetrospective Kohortenstudie.SettingScotland-wide.PatientsAll 4534 Patienten prim&auml;re oder Rettung PCI in Schottland von April 2000 bis M&auml;rz 2009 mit dem schottischen koronarer Revaskularisation Register.InterventionPrimary oder Rettung PCI.Hauptergebnis MeasuresProcedural Erfolg; Peri-prozedurale Komplikationen; 30-Tage- und 1-Jahres-Mortalit&auml;t, Myokardinfarkt oder Schlaganfall und langfristige Sterblichkeit.ResultsUse des radialen Ansatzes stieg von keine F&auml;lle im 2000, 924 (80,5 %) im Jahr 2009 (p &lt; 0,001). Patienten der radiale Ansatz, in denen verwendet wurde waren eher m&auml;nnlich sein (p = 0.043) und mehrere Komorbidit&auml;ten zu haben (p &lt; 0,001), einschlie&szlig;lich Bluthochdruck (p &lt; 0,001) und linken Ventrikels Dysfunktion (p &lt; 0,001). Sie waren weniger wahrscheinlich Nierenfunktion haben (p = 0,017), Multibeh&auml;lter Koronarkrankheit (p = 0,001) und kardiogener Schock (p &lt; 0,001). Multivariablen Analysen, Nutzung der radialen Arterie Zugang wurde mit prozeduralen Erfolg (bereinigte OR 1.89, 95 % CI 1.26-2,82, p = 0,002) und ein niedrigeres Risiko f&uuml;r Komplikationen (bereinigte oder 0,67, 95 % CI 0,51 - 0,87, p = 0,001) oder Access-Website, die Blutungen Komplikationen (angepasst oder 0,21, 0,08 - 0,56, p = 0,002), sowie ein niedrigeres Risiko f&uuml;r Myokardinfarkt (bereinigte oder 0,6695 % CI 0,51-0,87, p = 0,003) oder Tod innerhalb von 30 Tagen (bereinigte oder 0,51, 95 % CI 0.04 - 0.52, p &lt; 0,001). Die Unterschiede in der myokardialen Infarktbildung und Tod blieben erhebliche bis zu 9 Jahren Follow-up.ConclusionUse der radialen Arterie f&uuml;r Prim&auml;r- oder Rettung PCI ist verbesserte klinische Ergebnisse zugeordnet.

Klinische Ergebnisse nach Radial gegen&uuml;ber Arteria femoralis Zugang in Prim&auml;r- oder Rettung perkutanen koronaren Interventionen in Schottland: retrospektiven Kohortenstudie 4534 Patienten.

Article	Year
Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)\| PubMed ID: 11884354	2002
Stereochemical and kinetic comparisons of mono- and diepoxide formation in the in vitro metabolism of isoprene by liver microsomes from rats, mice, and humans. Chemical research in toxicology\| PubMed ID: 12870896	2003
Cell density and cortical thickness in Heschl's gyrus in schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science\| PubMed ID: 15339832	2004
School students as Drosophila experimenters. PLoS biology\| PubMed ID: 16000022	2005
Over-expression of tau results in defective synaptic transmission in Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. Neurobiology of disease\| PubMed ID: 16023860	2005
Deprivation and volunteering by general practices: cross sectional analysis of a national primary care system. BMJ (Clinical research ed.)\| PubMed ID: 16356981	2005
Practice size and quality attainment under the new GMS contract: a cross-sectional analysis. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners\| PubMed ID: 17132349	2006
Low serum cortisol predicts early death after acute myocardial infarction. Critical care medicine\| PubMed ID: 20081532	2010
Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren. PLoS medicine\| PubMed ID: 20543995	2010
Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for childhood asthma. The New England journal of medicine\| PubMed ID: 20843248	2010
Maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease following elective and spontaneous pre-term delivery: retrospective cohort study of 750 350 singleton pregnancies. International journal of epidemiology\| PubMed ID: 21278195	2011
Association between preterm delivery and subsequent C-reactive protein: a retrospective cohort study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology\| PubMed ID: 21890096	2011
Impact of Scottish smoke-free legislation on smoking quit attempts and prevalence. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 22110585	2011
Clinical outcomes following radial versus femoral artery access in primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention in Scotland: retrospective cohort study of 4534 patients. Heart (British Cardiac Society)\| PubMed ID: 22337951	2012

Daniel Mackay

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