comparison-two-different-synthesis-methods-single-crystals

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Single crystal specimens of the actinide compound uranium ditelluride, UTe2, are of great importance to the study and characterization of its dramatic ...

Uranium compounds can manifest a wide range of fascinating many-body phenomena, and are often thought to be poised at a crossover between localized and itinerant regimes for 5f electrons. The antiferromagnetic dipnictide USb has been of recent interest due to the discovery of rich proximate phase diagrams and unusual quantum coherence phenomena. Here, linear-dichroic X-ray absorption and elastic neutron scattering are used to characterize electronic symmetries on uranium in USb and isostructural UBi. Of these two materials, only USb is found to enable strong Hund's rule alignment of local magnetic degrees of freedom, and to undergo distinctive changes in local atomic multiplet symmetry across the magnetic phase transition. Theoretical analysis reveals that these and other anomalous properties of the material may be understood by attributing it as the first known high temperature realization of a singlet ground state magnet, in which magnetism occurs through a process that resembles exciton condensation.

High temperature singlet-based magnetism from Hund's rule correlations.

Spin-triplet superconductors potentially host topological excitations that are of interest for quantum information processing. We report the discovery of spin-triplet superconductivity in UTe, featuring a transition temperature of 1.6 kelvin and a very large and anisotropic upper critical field exceeding 40 teslas. This superconducting phase stability suggests that UTe is related to ferromagnetic superconductors such as UGe, URhGe, and UCoGe. However, the lack of magnetic order and the observation of quantum critical scaling place UTe at the paramagnetic end of this ferromagnetic superconductor series. A large intrinsic zero-temperature reservoir of ungapped fermions indicates a highly unconventional type of superconducting pairing.

Nearly ferromagnetic spin-triplet superconductivity.

Novel electronic phenomena frequently form in heavy-fermions because of the mutual localized and itinerant nature of -electrons. On the magnetically ordered side of the heavy-fermion phase diagram, -moments are expected to be localized and decoupled from the Fermi surface. It remains ambiguous whether Kondo lattice can develop inside the magnetically ordered phase. Using spectroscopic imaging with scanning tunneling microscope, complemented by neutron scattering, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and dynamical mean field theory, we probe the electronic states in antiferromagnetic USb. We visualize a large gap in the antiferromagnetic phase within which Kondo hybridization develops below ~80 K. Our calculations indicate the antiferromagnetism and Kondo lattice to reside predominantly on different -orbitals, promoting orbital selectivity as a new conception into how these phenomena coexist in heavy-fermions. Finally, at 45 K, we find a novel first order-like transition through abrupt emergence of nontrivial 5-electronic states that may resemble the "hidden-order" phase of URuSi.

Orbital-selective Kondo lattice and enigmatic  electrons emerging from inside the antiferromagnetic phase of a heavy fermion.

The compound UTe_{2} has recently been shown to realize spin triplet superconductivity from a nonmagnetic normal state. This has sparked intense research activity, including theoretical analyses that suggest the superconducting order parameter to be topologically nontrivial. However, the underlying electronic band structure is a critical factor for these analyses, and remains poorly understood. Here, we present high resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements covering multiple planes in the 3D Brillouin zone of UTe_{2}, revealing distinct Fermi-level features from two orthogonal quasi-one-dimensional light electron bands and one heavy band. The electronic symmetries are evaluated in comparison with numerical simulations, and the resulting picture is discussed as a platform for unconventional many-body order.

Low Energy Band Structure and Symmetries of UTe_{2} from Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy.

Spin-triplet superconductors are condensates of electron pairs with spin 1 and an odd-parity wavefunction. An interesting manifestation of triplet pairing is the chiral p-wave state, which is topologically non-trivial and provides a natural platform for realizing Majorana edge modes. However, triplet pairing is rare in solid-state systems and has not been unambiguously identified in any bulk compound so far. Given that pairing is usually mediated by ferromagnetic spin fluctuations, uranium-based heavy-fermion systems containing f-electron elements, which can harbour both strong correlations and magnetism, are considered ideal candidates for realizing spin-triplet superconductivity. Here we present scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of the recently discovered heavy-fermion superconductor UTe, which has a superconducting transition temperature of 1.6 kelvin. We find signatures of coexisting Kondo effect and superconductivity that show competing spatial modulations within one unit cell. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy at step edges reveals signatures of chiral in-gap states, which have been predicted to exist at the boundaries of topological superconductors. Combined with existing data that indicate triplet pairing in UTe, the presence of chiral states suggests that UTe is a strong candidate for chiral-triplet topological superconductivity.

Chiral superconductivity in heavy-fermion metal UTe.

The crystal structure of a new superconductor UTe has been investigated using single-crystal neutron diffraction for the first time at the low temperature (LT) of 2.7 K, just above the superconducting transition temperature of ∼1.6 K, in order to clarify whether the orthorhombic structure of type Immm (No. 71), reported for the room-temperature (RT) structure persists down to the superconducting phase and can be considered as a parent symmetry for the development of spin-triplet superconductivity. In contrast to the previously reported phase transition at about 100 K [Stöwe (1996). J. Solid State Chem. 127, 202-210], our high-precision LT neutron diffraction data show that the body-centred RT symmetry is indeed maintained down to 2.7 K. No sign of a structural change from RT down to 2.7 K was observed. The most significant change depending on temperature was observed for the U ion position and the U-U distance along the c direction, implying its potential importance as a magnetic interaction path. No magnetic order could be deduced from the neutron diffraction data refinement at 2.7 K, consistent with bulk magnetometry. Assuming normal thermal evolution of the lattice parameters, moderately large linear thermal expansion coefficients of about α = 2.8 (7) × 10 K are estimated.

Low-temperature crystal structure of the unconventional spin-triplet superconductor UTe from single-crystal neutron diffraction.

Chiral superconductors have been proposed as one pathway to realize Majorana normal fluid at its boundary. However, the long-sought 2D and 3D chiral superconductors with edge and surface Majorana normal fluid are yet to be conclusively found. Here, we report evidence for a chiral spin-triplet pairing state of UTe with surface normal fluid response. The microwave surface impedance of the UTe crystal was measured and converted to complex conductivity, which is sensitive to both normal and superfluid responses. The anomalous residual normal fluid conductivity supports the presence of a significant normal fluid response. The superfluid conductivity follows the temperature behavior predicted for an axial spin-triplet state, which is further narrowed down to a chiral spin-triplet state with evidence of broken time-reversal symmetry. Further analysis excludes trivial origins for the observed normal fluid response. Our findings suggest that UTe can be a new platform to study exotic topological excitations in higher dimension.

Anomalous normal fluid response in a chiral superconductor UTe.

Applied magnetic fields underlie exotic quantum states, such as the fractional quantum Hall effect and Bose-Einstein condensation of spin excitations. Superconductivity, however, is inherently antagonistic towards magnetic fields. Only in rare cases can these effects be mitigated over limited fields, leading to re-entrant superconductivity. Here, we report the coexistence of multiple high-field re-entrant superconducting phases in the spin-triplet superconductor UTe (ref. ). We observe superconductivity in the highest magnetic field range identified for any re-entrant superconductor, beyond 65 T. Although the stability of superconductivity in these high magnetic fields challenges current theoretical models, these extreme properties seem to reflect a new kind of exotic superconductivity rooted in magnetic fluctuations and boosted by a quantum dimensional crossover.

Extreme magnetic field-boosted superconductivity.

Spin triplet superconductivity in the Kondo lattice UTe appears to be associated with spin fluctuations originating from incipient ferromagnetic order. Here we show clear evidence of twofold enhancement of superconductivity under pressure, which discontinuously transitions to magnetic order, likely of ferromagnetic nature, at higher pressures. The application of a magnetic field tunes the system back across a first-order phase boundary. Straddling this phase boundary, we find another example of reentrant superconductivity in UTe. As the superconductivity and magnetism exist on two opposite sides of the first-order phase boundary, our results indicate other microscopic mechanisms may be playing a role in stabilizing spin triplet superconductivity in addition to spin fluctuations associated with magnetism.

Enhancement and reentrance of spin triplet superconductivity in UTe under pressure.

Low-temperature electrical and thermal transport, magnetic penetration depth, and heat capacity measurements were performed on single crystals of the actinide superconductor UTe to determine the structure of the superconducting energy gap. Heat transport measurements performed with currents directed along both crystallographic  and  axes reveal a vanishingly small residual fermionic component of the thermal conductivity. The magnetic field dependence of the residual term follows a rapid, quasilinear increase consistent with the presence of nodal quasiparticles, rising toward the -axis upper critical field where the Wiedemann-Franz law is recovered. Together with a quadratic temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth up to /  = 0.3, these measurements provide evidence for an unconventional spin-triplet superconducting order parameter with point nodes. Millikelvin specific heat measurements performed on the same crystals used for thermal transport reveal an upturn below 300 mK that is well described by a divergent quantum-critical contribution to the density of states (DOS). Modeling this contribution with a   power law allows restoration of the full entropy balance in the superconducting state and a resultant cubic power law for the electronic DOS below   , consistent with the point-node gap structure determined by thermal conductivity and penetration depth measurements.

Article	Year
High temperature singlet-based magnetism from Hund's rule correlations. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 30733441	2019
Nearly ferromagnetic spin-triplet superconductivity. Science (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 31416960	2019
Orbital-selective Kondo lattice and enigmatic electrons emerging from inside the antiferromagnetic phase of a heavy fermion. Science advances\| PubMed ID: 31667341	2019
Low Energy Band Structure and Symmetries of UTe_{2} from Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy. Physical review letters\| PubMed ID: 32142327	2020
Chiral superconductivity in heavy-fermion metal UTe. Nature\| PubMed ID: 32214254	2020
Low-temperature crystal structure of the unconventional spin-triplet superconductor UTe from single-crystal neutron diffraction. Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials\| PubMed ID: 32831248	2020
Anomalous normal fluid response in a chiral superconductor UTe. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 33976162	2021
Extreme magnetic field-boosted superconductivity. Nature physics\| PubMed ID: 34131432	2019
Enhancement and reentrance of spin triplet superconductivity in UTe under pressure. Physical review. B\| PubMed ID: 34131608	2020
Point-node gap structure of the spin-triplet superconductor UTe. Physical review. B\| PubMed ID: 34136735	2019

Sheng Ran

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