biological-preparation-mechanical-technique-for-determining

Biological Preparation and Mechanical Technique for Determining Viscoelastic Properties of Zonular Fibers

Elasticity is essential to the function of tissues such as blood vessels, muscles, and lungs. This property is derived mostly from the extracellular ...

The pig lens has been used as a model for presbyopia as pigs lack accommodative ability. Previous studies using microindentation have indicated that the shear modulus distribution is qualitatively similar to that of the aged human lens and that the lens does not alter its refractive power due to equatorial stretching. A lens spinning test was used to determine whether prior lens stiffness data obtained from a sectioned porcine lens were reliable and whether the testing conditions significantly influence the lens' mechanical properties. The elastic modulus distribution determined for fresh lenses closely matched that measured previously using a microindentation test. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to evaluate changes to the lens' structure arising from mechanical stress and following storage for up to one week. 

The mechanical response of the porcine lens to a spinning test.

The lifesaving chemotherapy and radiation treatments that allow patients to survive cancer can also result in a lifetime of side-effects, including male infertility. Infertility in male cancer survivors is thought to primarily result from killing of the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) responsible for producing spermatozoa since SSCs turn over slowly and are thereby sensitive to antineoplastic therapies. We previously demonstrated that the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can preserve spermatogenesis after alkylating chemotherapy (busulfan).

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) promotes spermatogenic regeneration from surviving spermatogonia after high-dose alkylating chemotherapy.

Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine due to their multipotent differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory capabilities. Substantial research has elucidated mechanisms by which extracellular cues regulate hMSC fate decisions, but considerably less work has addressed how material properties can be leveraged to maintain undifferentiated stem cells. Here, we show that synthetic culture substrates designed to exhibit moderate cell-repellency promote high stemness and low oxidative stress-two indicators of naïve, healthy stem cells-in commercial and patient-derived hMSCs. Furthermore, the material-mediated effect on cell behavior can be tuned by altering the molar percentage (mol %) and/or chain length of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), the repellant block linked to hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) in the copolymer backbone. Nano- and angstrom-scale characterization of the cell-material interface reveals that PEG interrupts the adhesive PCL domains in a chain-length-dependent manner; this prevents hMSCs from forming mature focal adhesions and subsequently promotes cell-cell adhesions that require connexin-43. This study is the first to demonstrate that intrinsic properties of synthetic materials can be tuned to regulate the stemness and redox capacity of hMSCs and provides new insight for designing highly scalable, programmable culture platforms for clinical translation.

Tunable Surface Repellency Maintains Stemness and Redox Capacity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Both pattern electroretinography (PERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) can be performed using low- (15%; Lc) and high- (85%; Hc) contrast gratings that may preferentially stimulate the magno- and parvocellular pathways. We observed that among glaucomatous patients showing only one VEP latency deficit per eye, there appeared to be a very strong tendency for an Hc delay in one eye and an Lc delay in the other.

Pattern Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials Provide Clinical Evidence of CNS Modulation of High- and Low-Contrast VEP Latency in Glaucoma.

A cell's insoluble microenvironment has increasingly been shown to exert influence on its function. In particular, matrix stiffness and adhesiveness strongly impact behaviors such as cell spreading and differentiation, but materials that allow for independent control of these parameters within a fibrous, stromal-like microenvironment are very limited. In the current work, we devise a self-assembling peptide (SAP) system that facilitates user-friendly control of matrix stiffness and RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) concentration within a hydrogel possessing a microarchitecture similar to stromal extracellular matrix. In this system, the RGD-modified SAP sequence KFE-RGD and the scrambled sequence KFE-RDG can be directly swapped for one another to change RGD concentration at a given matrix stiffness and total peptide concentration. Stiffness is controlled by altering total peptide concentration, and the unmodified base peptide KFE-8 can be included to further increase this stiffness range due to its higher modulus. With this tunable system, we demonstrate that human mesenchymal stem cell morphology and differentiation are influenced by both gel stiffness and the presence of functional cell binding sites in 3D culture. Specifically, cells 24 hours after encapsulation were only able to spread out in stiffer matrices containing KFE-RGD. Upon addition of soluble adipogenic factors, soft gels facilitated the greatest adipogenesis as determined by the presence of lipid vacuoles and PPARγ-2 expression, while increasing KFE-RGD concentration at a given stiffness had a negative effect on adipogenesis. This three-component hydrogel system thus allows for systematic investigation of matrix stiffness and RGD concentration on cell behavior within a fibrous, three-dimensional matrix.

Independent control of matrix adhesiveness and stiffness within a 3D self-assembling peptide hydrogel.

 To describe the effect of varying scleral stiffness on the biomechanical deformation response of the cornea under air-puff loading via a finite-element (FE) model.  A two-dimensional axisymmetric stationary FE model of the whole human eye was used to examine the effects varying scleral stiffness and intraocular pressure (IOP) on the maximum apical displacement of the cornea. The model was comprised of the cornea, sclera, vitreous, and surrounding air region. The velocity and pressure profiles of an air-puff from a dynamic Scheimpflug analyzer were replicated in the FE model, and the resultant profile was applied to deform the cornea in a multiphysics study (where the air-puff was first simulated before being applied to the corneal surface). IOP was simulated as a uniform pressure on the globe interior. The simulation results were compared to data from  scleral stiffening experiments with human donor globes.  The FE model predicted decreased maximum apical displacement with increased IOP and increased ratio of scleral-to-corneal Young's moduli. These predictions were in good agreement (within one standard deviation) with findings from  scleral stiffening experiments using human donor eyes. These findings demonstrate the importance of scleral material properties on the biomechanical deformation response of the cornea in air-puff induced deformation.  The results of an air-puff induced deformation are often considered to be solely due to IOP and corneal properties. The current study showed that the stiffer the sclera, the greater will be the limitation on corneal deformation, separately from IOP. This may have important clinical implications to interpreting the response of the cornea under air-puff loading in pathologic conditions.

Biomechanical Impact of the Sclera on Corneal Deformation Response to an Air-Puff: A Finite-Element Study.

Our study aimed to determine whether the altered expression of biomarkers linked to corneal injuries, such as the edema-regulating proteins aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-5 (AQP1 and AQP5), occurred following primary blast exposure.

Altered expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in the cornea after primary blast exposure.

The continuous growth of the lens throughout life may contribute to the onset of age-related conditions in the lens (i.e., presbyopia and cataract). Volumetric growth is the result of continuous proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs). The driving factors controlling LEC proliferation are not well understood. This study tested the hypothesis that mechanical stretching modulates LEC proliferation.

Lens Stretching Modulates Lens Epithelial Cell Proliferation via YAP Regulation.

Connexins and aquaporins play essential roles in maintaining lens homeostasis and transparency and there is a close physical and functional relationship between these two proteins. Aquaporin 0 (AQP0), in addition to its role in water transport in the lens, acts as a cell-cell adhesion molecule. Recently, we showed a new role of connexin (Cx) 50 in mediating cell-cell adhesion. However, the cooperative roles of these two proteins in the lens in vivo have not been reported.

Connexin 50 and AQP0 are Essential in Maintaining Organization and Integrity of Lens Fibers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of varying scleral material properties on the biomechanical response of the cornea under air-puff induced deformation. Twenty pairs of human donor eyes were obtained for this study. One eye from each pair had its sclera stiffened using 4% glutaraldehyde, while the fellow eye served as control for uniaxial strip testing. The whole globes were mounted in a rigid holder and intraocular pressure (IOP) was set using a saline column. Dynamic corneal response parameters were measured before and after scleral stiffening using the CorVis ST, a dynamic Scheimpflug analyzer. IOP was set to 10, 20, 30, and 40 mmHg, with at least 3 examinations performed at each pressure step. Uniaxial tensile testing data were fit to a neo-Hookean model to estimate the Young's modulus of treated and untreated sclera. Scleral Young's modulus was found to be significantly correlated with several response parameters, including Highest Concavity Deformation Amplitude, Peak Distance, Highest Concavity Radius, and Stiffness Parameter-Highest Concavity (SP-HC). There were significant increases in SP-HC after scleral stiffening at multiple levels of IOP, while no significant difference was observed in the corneal Stiffness Parameter - Applanation 1 (SP-A1) at any level of IOP. Scleral mechanical properties significantly influenced the corneal deformation response to an air-puff. The stiffer the sclera, the greater the constraining effect on corneal deformation resulting in lower displaced amplitude. This may have important clinical implications and suggests that both corneal and scleral material properties contribute to the observed corneal response in air-puff induced deformation.

Biomechanical contribution of the sclera to dynamic corneal response in air-puff induced deformation in human donor eyes.

This study investigates whether the presence of accommodative tissues biomechanically influences the shape of the cornea and potentially drives corneal morphogenesis during embryonic ocular development. Porcine eyes were subjected to an internal pressure simulating intraocular pressure. Ocular geometry was evaluated using a corneal topographer and digital cameras before and after dissection of the accommodative tissues. A computational model of the porcine eye was constructed and loaded by an internal pressure representing intraocular pressure. Eye shape was evaluated in models with and without the ciliary body. The porcine model was generalized to the human model, simplified model, or embryonic model with different ocular tissue shapes, sizes, and stiffnesses. Experimental data showed that, even in the six-month-old pig eye, the average corneal radius of curvature increased after the removal of accommodative tissues compared to sham controls (p = 0.002). Computational results agreed with the experimental data and further suggested that the change in corneal radius is greater when the tissue stiffness is low and the intraocular pressure is high, regardless of the geometry and size of the eye components. Using a combined in vitro and in silico approach, this study explores the biomechanical influence of the accommodative tissues and related loads on the cornea and offers additional factors that might influence the shape of the cornea.

Article	Year
The mechanical response of the porcine lens to a spinning test. Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik\| PubMed ID: 26777319	2016
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) promotes spermatogenic regeneration from surviving spermatogonia after high-dose alkylating chemotherapy. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E\| PubMed ID: 28077131	2017
Tunable Surface Repellency Maintains Stemness and Redox Capacity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS applied materials & interfaces\| PubMed ID: 28621931	2017
Pattern Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials Provide Clinical Evidence of CNS Modulation of High- and Low-Contrast VEP Latency in Glaucoma. Translational vision science & technology\| PubMed ID: 29134137	2017
Independent control of matrix adhesiveness and stiffness within a 3D self-assembling peptide hydrogel. Acta biomaterialia\| PubMed ID: 29410241	2018
Biomechanical Impact of the Sclera on Corneal Deformation Response to an Air-Puff: A Finite-Element Study. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology\| PubMed ID: 30687701	2018
Altered expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in the cornea after primary blast exposure. Molecular vision\| PubMed ID: 31263351	2019
Lens Stretching Modulates Lens Epithelial Cell Proliferation via YAP Regulation. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science\| PubMed ID: 31546253	2019
Connexin 50 and AQP0 are Essential in Maintaining Organization and Integrity of Lens Fibers. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science\| PubMed ID: 31560767	2019
Biomechanical contribution of the sclera to dynamic corneal response in air-puff induced deformation in human donor eyes. Experimental eye research\| PubMed ID: 31883460	2020
Accommodative tissues influence the shape of the cornea and potentially drive corneal morphogenesis. Journal of biomechanics\| PubMed ID: 31902607	2020
Letter to the Editor: Aerosolization During NCT Cannot Be Reliably Determined Using Air Quality Monitors. Journal of glaucoma\| PubMed ID: 33273287	2021

Matthew Reilly

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