differentiation-human-pluripotent-stem-cells-into-pancreatic-beta

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Pancreatic Beta-Cell Precursors in a 2D Culture System

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are an excellent tool for studying early pancreatic development and investigating the genetic contributors to ...

Pancreatic progenitors (PPs) co-expressing the two transcription factors (TFs) PDX1 and NKX6.1 are recognized as the indispensable precursors of functional pancreatic β cells. Here, we aimed to establish an efficient protocol for maximizing generation of PDX1/NKX6.1 PPs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).

Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic progenitors co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1.

The expression of a specific combination of transcription factors (TFs) in the multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs) is critical for determining pancreatic cell fate. NKX6.1 expression in PDX1 MPCs is required for functional β cell generation. We have recently demonstrated the generation of a novel population of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived MPCs that exclusively express NKX6.1, independently of PDX1 (PDX1/NKX6.1). Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize this novel population to elucidate its role in pancreatic development.

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into two distinct NKX6.1 populations of pancreatic progenitors.

The original article [1] contains a number of small errors which the authors would like to clarify.

Correction to: Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic progenitors co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders. In order to replace the function of the destroyed pancreatic beta cells in diabetes, islet transplantation is the most widely practiced treatment. However, it has several limitations. As an alternative approach, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide an unlimited source of pancreatic cells that have the ability to secrete insulin in response to a high blood glucose level. However, the determination of the appropriate pancreatic lineage candidate for the purpose of cell therapy for the treatment of diabetes is still debated. While hPSC-derived beta cells are perceived as the ultimate candidate, their efficiency needs further improvement in order to obtain a sufficient number of glucose responsive beta cells for transplantation therapy. On the other hand, hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors can be efficiently generated in vitro and can further mature into glucose responsive beta cells in vivo after transplantation. Herein, we discuss the advantages and predicted challenges associated with the use of each of the two pancreatic lineage products for diabetes cell therapy. Furthermore, we address the co-generation of functionally relevant islet cell subpopulations and structural properties contributing to the glucose responsiveness of beta cells, as well as the available encapsulation technology for these cells.

Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes: Beta Cells versus Pancreatic Progenitors.

Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation and defective differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs). Patients with psoriasis are at a high risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The debate on the genetic origin of psoriasis pathogenesis remains unresolved due to lack of suitable in vitro human models mimicking the disease phenotypes. In this study, we provide the first human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model for psoriasis carrying the genetic signature of the patients. iPSCs were generated from patients with psoriasis (PsO-iPSCs) and healthy donors (Ctr-iPSCs) and were efficiently differentiated into mature KCs. RNA sequencing of KCs derived from Ctr-iPSCs and PsO-iPSCs identified 361 commonly upregulated and 412 commonly downregulated genes. KCs derived from PsO-iPSCs showed dysregulated transcripts associated with psoriasis and KC differentiation, such as , , chemokines, type I interferon-inducible genes, solute carrier family, , , and , as well as transcripts associated with insulin resistance, such as , , , and . Our data suggest that the KC abnormalities are the main driver triggering psoriasis pathology and highlights the substantial contribution of genetic predisposition in the development of psoriasis and insulin resistance.

Keratinocytes Derived from Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate the Genetic Signature of Psoriasis Disease.

Beta cell replacement strategies are a promising alternative for diabetes treatment. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) serve as a scalable source for producing insulin-secreting cells for transplantation therapy. We recently generated novel hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors, expressing high levels of the transcription factor NKX6.1, in the absence of PDX1 (PDX1 /NKX6.1 ). Herein, our aim was to characterize this novel population and assess its ability to differentiate into insulin-secreting beta cells in vitro.

PDX1 /NKX6.1 progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells as a novel source of insulin-secreting cells.

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder, with no available treatment. Islet transplantation is currently practiced beta cell replacement therapy option, however, with major limitations. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be used as a scalable source for generation of insulin-secreting cells as hPSCs have high proliferative capacity and can differentiate into any tissue type. In vitro stepwise protocols have been designed for differentiating hPSCs into pancreatic lineages that finally give rise to beta cells; however, these hPSC-derived beta cells are dissimilar to adult human beta cells in key aspects of gene expression and functionality. Alternatively, pancreatic progenitors, when transplanted in the body, have been shown to mature into functional insulin-secreting beta cells, capable of reversing hyperglycemia. These pancreatic progenitors require the co-expression of PDX1, a transcription factor (TF) regulating pancreatic development, and NKX6.1, another TF key for beta cell maturation and function, to produce glucose-responsive beta cells. Given the crucial role played by NKX6.1, we optimized an in vitro differentiation protocol to enhance the generation of pancreatic progenitors co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1 by modulating cell density, matrix availability, and cellular dissociation.

Highly Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Pancreatic Progenitors Co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1.

The molecular link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility is not well understood. Nonetheless, a bi-directional relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes has been proposed. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is considered as the primary protein facilitating SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 attachment and entry into the host cells. Studies suggested that ACE2 is expressed in the endocrine cells of the pancreas including beta cells, in addition to the lungs and other organs; however, its expression in the islets, particularly beta cells, has been met with some contradiction. Importantly, ACE2 plays a crucial role in glucose homoeostasis and insulin secretion by regulating beta cell physiology. Given the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic cells in vitro and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in pancreatic samples from COVID-19 patients strongly hints that SARS-CoV-2 can invade the pancreas and directly cause pancreatic injury and diabetes. However, more studies are required to dissect the underpinning molecular mechanisms triggered in SARS-CoV-2-infected islets that lead to aggravation of diabetes. Regardless, it is important to understand the function of ACE2 in the pancreatic islets to design relevant therapeutic interventions in combatting the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes pathophysiology. Herein, we detail the function of ACE2 in pancreatic beta cells crucial for regulating insulin sensitivity, secretion, and glucose metabolism. Also, we discuss the potential role played by ACE2 in aiding SARS-COV-2 entry into the pancreas and the possibility of ACE2 cooperation with alternative entry factors as well as how that may be linked to diabetes pathogenesis.

Article	Year
Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic progenitors co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1. Stem cell research & therapy\| PubMed ID: 29361979	2018
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into two distinct NKX6.1 populations of pancreatic progenitors. Stem cell research & therapy\| PubMed ID: 29615106	2018
Correction to: Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic progenitors co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1. Stem cell research & therapy\| PubMed ID: 30292238	2018
Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes: Beta Cells versus Pancreatic Progenitors. Cells\| PubMed ID: 31979403	2020
Keratinocytes Derived from Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate the Genetic Signature of Psoriasis Disease. Stem cells and development\| PubMed ID: 31996098	2020
PDX1 /NKX6.1 progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells as a novel source of insulin-secreting cells. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews\| PubMed ID: 32857429	2021
Highly Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Pancreatic Progenitors Co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 33190184	2020
ACE2 function in the pancreatic islet: Implications for relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)\| PubMed ID: 34561952	2021

Bushra Memon

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