isolation-purification-plant-extracellular-vesicles-from-arabidopsis

Isolation and Purification of Plant Extracellular Vesicles from Arabidopsis Leaves Using an Optimized Apoplastic Wash Collection Method

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by diverse organisms and cell types and are increasingly recognized as important ...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by cells that carry proteins, RNAs, and other bioactive molecules to mediate intercellular communication. While EV research is well established in animals, studies on plant-derived EVs have only recently emerged, uncovering their critical roles in plant-microbe interactions and cross-kingdom RNA communication. Plant EVs have been shown to selectively deliver small RNAs (sRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to fungal pathogens, suppressing virulence and enhancing plant immunity. Progress in plant EV research has been accelerated by advancements in isolation techniques, such as high-resolution density gradient and immunoaffinity purification. However, challenges remain, including elucidating EV biogenesis, cargo selection, and the mechanisms by which EVs cross plant and fungal cell walls. This review provides an overview of recent progress in plant EV research, with a particular emphasis on EV-mediated cross-kingdom RNA communication and identifies promising directions for future investigation.

Extracellular vesicle-mediated RNA warfare: A cross-kingdom battleground.

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) and plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) are emerging plant-based nanomaterials with growing relevance in biotechnology, agriculture, and health. Although often grouped together, they arise from distinct origins: PDEVs are actively secreted vesicles with selective cargo loading, whereas PDNPs form during tissue disruption and reflect the lipid-metabolite composition of plant biomass. This review summarizes recent progress in distinguishing these systems, including advances in biogenesis, isolation, biomarkers, and functional characterization. We highlight mechanistic insights into PDEV-mediated cross-kingdom RNA communication in plant immunity and the strong translational potential of PDNPs in oral drug delivery, immunomodulation, and microbiome regulation. Remaining challenges include standardization, scalable purification, and deeper mechanistic clarity. By clarifying their differences and complementary strengths, this review outlines a foundation for developing reliable plant-derived nanovesicle technologies.

Article	Year
Extracellular vesicle-mediated RNA warfare: A cross-kingdom battleground. Current opinion in plant biology\| PubMed ID: 40451131	2025
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles: origins, functions, and applications. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology\| PubMed ID: 41768127	2026

Baoye He

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